Quantification of Upper Limb Motor Recovery and EEG Power Changes after Robot-Assisted Bilateral Arm Training in Chronic Stroke Patients: A Prospective Pilot Study
Table 3
Within-group training effects on clinical outcome measures.
Friedman’s two-way analysis of variance T0–T2
Post hoc comparisons T0-T1
Post hoc comparisons T0–T2
value
value
95% CI Mean (LB, UP)
value
95% CI Mean (LB, UP)
Primary outcome
Fugl-Meyer (0–66)
0.008
0.027
3.28 (1.23, 5.33)
0.017°
2.85 (1.05, 4.66)
Secondary outcomes
Action Research Arm Test (0–57)
n.s.
n.s.
4.00 (−3.08, 11.08)
n.s.
1.14 (−0.95, 3.24)
Motricity Index upper limb (0–100)
0.009
0.04
9.14 (1.28, 16.99)
0.04
6.28 (0.87, 11.69)
Barthel Index (0–100)
n.s.
n.s.
1.42 (−0.82, 3.68)
n.s.
2.14 (−1.49, 5.78)
Modified Ashworth Scale (0–16)
0.002
0.017°
−1.78 (−2.43, −1.13)
0.02
−1.5 (−1.87, −1.12)
Stroke Impact Scale (0–800)
n.s.
n.s.
11.18 (−19.19, 41.56)
n.s.
7.11 (−18.71, 32.94)
T0: baseline assessment; T1: after training; T2: 1-month follow-up; CI: confidence interval; LB: lower bound; UP: upper bound; n.s.: not significant. value significant at ≤0.05; value significant at ≤0.025.
