Koumine Attenuates Neuroglia Activation and Inflammatory Response to Neuropathic Pain

Figure 4

Koumine decreased the protein and mRNA levels of microglia M1 polarization factors in LPS-induced BV2 cells. BV2 cells were incubated with koumine (25, 50, 100, and 200 μM) for 12 h, followed by LPS (1 μg/ml) for 24 h. The protein levels of M1 markers CD86, CD68, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were measured via Western blot analysis (a). β-Actin was used as a control, and the fold changes are presented (b–f). The mRNA levels of the M1 markers CD86, CD68, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were measured using qPCR (g). GAPDH was used as the control, and the fold changes are presented (h–l). Data are presented as mean ± SEM for 3 independent experiments. , , and , compared with the control group; , , , compared with the LPS-treated group, with one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni or Dunnett’s T3 test for each group.

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