Role of Functional Imaging Techniques to Assess Motor and Language Cortical Plasticity in Glioma Patients: A Systematic Review

Table 1

Summary of the selected studies.

Study

Technique and assessment

Plasticity measure

Pre/postsurgery examinations

Experimental design

Sample

Age ()

Sex (M; F)

Tumor classification

Tumor location

Hemisphere

Tumor volume ()

Extent of resection

Majos A. et al., 2017 [46]

Motor fMRI+clinical and motor assessment+DES

-values+cluster size (M1; PMA; SMA)

Pre: 1 week; Post: 3 months

WS-BS: 16 pt pre vs. 9 pt post; small tumors vs. large tumors

16 HGG

5; 11

Glioblastoma

Premotor, motor cortex

14 L; 2 R

;

Maximal (5); Subtotal (11)

Bryszewski B. et al., 2013 [45]

Motor fMRI+clinical, motor and neuropsychological assessment+DES

-values+cluster size (M1; PMA; SMA)

Pre: 1 week; Post: 3 months

WS: 20 pt pre vs. 14 pt post

20 LGG

7; 13

—

Premotor, motor cortex^§

15 L; 5 R

Maximal (12); Subtotal (7); Partial (1)

Kristo G. et al., 2015 [47]

Language fMRI+clinical and neuropsychological assessment+DES

BOLD signal changes in the spatial pattern of language activations

Pre: until 25 days; Post: until 126 days

WS-BS: pt pre vs. pt post; pt with left-sided gliomas vs. 6 right-side gliomas and vs. 8 HC

20 LGG

12; 8

Astrocytoma (6); Oligoastrocytoma (1); Oligodendroglioma (13)

Frontal (13); Temporal (5); Parietal (2)

14 L; 6 R

(resected volume)

—

Gębska-Kośla K. et al., 2017 [52]

Language fMRI+speech assessment+DES

-values+cluster size (Broca and Wernicke); LI

Pre: -; Post: 3 months

WS: pt pre vs. pt post; pre and post speech assessment

6 LGG; 4 HGG

5; 5

Glioblastoma (3); Astrocytoma (4); Oligodendroglioma (1); Ependymoma (1); Mixed glioma (1)

Frontal (5); Temporal (5)

All left

—

Conway N. et al., 2017 [49]

n-TMS+motor assessment

Comparison for each muscle between HSs–CoGs shifts

Interval btw two mapping: (range 3-42 m)

WS-BS: pt pre vs. pt post; anterior tumors vs. posterior tumors

6 LGG; 16 HGG

13; 9

Glioblastoma (10); Astrocytoma (9); Oligoastrocytoma (1); Oligodendroglioma (2); Mixed glioma (4)

Precentral gyrus (anterior and posterior)

11 L; 11 R

—

Maximal (14); Subtotal (8)

Barz A. et al., 2018 [48]

n-TMS+motor assessment

Comparisons for each muscle CoGs

Pre: months; Post: months

WS-BS: pt pre vs. pt post and pt vs. HC

5 LGG; 15 HGG

13; 7

Glioblastoma (2); Astrocytoma (8); Oligoastrocytoma (3); Other (3)

Perirolandic region

7 L; 13 R

—

Maximal (11); Subtotal (5); Partial (4)

Picart T. et al., 2018 [50]

DES+clinical and neuropsychological assessment

Comparison of site displacement

Interval btw surgeries: G1: 5 years; G2: 4.1 years

WS-BS: pt at 1^st surgery vs. pt 2^nd surgery; remapping group vs. no remapping group

G1: 22 LGG; 1 HGG; G2: 15 LGG; 4 HGG^●

G1: G2:

G1: 13; 10 G2: 12; 7

—

G1: frontal (15); Insular (3); Other (5); G2: frontal (13); Insular (3); Other (3)

G1: 6 L; 17 R; G2: 4 L; 14 R; 1 bilateral

1st surgery: G1: G2: (ml); 2nd surgery: G1: G2:

1^st surgery: G1 and G2: 94%; 2^nd surgery: G1: 92%; G2:88%

Southwell D. et al., 2016 [51]

DES+clinical and neuropsychological assessment

Changes in stimulation response ()

Interval btw surgeries: years

WS: 18 pt evaluated intraoperatively at 2 craniotomy

20 LGG^○

12; 6

WHO grade II (17); WHO grade III (3)

Frontal (5); Temporal (4); Parietal (1); Insular (10)

Dominant hemisphere

1^st surgery: 95%

Abbreviations: LGG: low-grade glioma; HGG: high-grade glioma; fMRI: functional magnetic resonance imaging; n-TMS: navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation; L: left; R: right; PMA: premotor area; SMA: supplementary motor area; PT: patients; HC: healthy controls; LI: lateralization index; HSs: hot spots; CoG: centers of gravity; WS: within-subjects; BS: between-subjects; G1: group 1; G2: group 2. Tumor location in: PMA-SMA-M1 (8 pt), M1 (2 pt), posterior to postcentral sulcus, partially involving M1 (6 pt); ^§PMA-SMA-M1 (13 pt), M1 (1 pt), posterior to post-central sulcus, partially involving M1 (6 pt). ^●From an initial cohort of 73 cases, a group of 42 eligible patients was included in the study; ^○from an initial cohort of 561 cases, a group of 20 eligible patients was included in the study.