Epigenetic Modulation on Tau Phosphorylation in Alzheimer’s Disease

Table 1

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) associated with tau phosphorylation in Alzheimer’s disease.

Dysregulated miRNA(s)	Level in AD	Target site(s)	Reference
miRNA-132	Downregulated	ITPKB, MeCP2, GSK-3β, and SIRT1	[51, 52, 78, 87, 88]
miRNA-322	Downregulated	BDNF	[55]
miRNA-922	Downregulated	UCHL1	[57]
miRNA-146a	Upregulated	ROCK1	[58]
miRNA-124-3p	Downregulated	Caveolin-1	[62]
miRNA-138	Upregulated	RARA	[63]
miRNA-195	Downregulated	Cdk5r1	[64]
miRNA-125b	Upregulated	Bcl-w, DUSP6, PPP1CA, NMDA, and GSK-3β	[65, 79, 89]
miRNA-15	Downregulated	ERK1	[66]
miRNA-98	Upregulated	IGF-1	[68]
miRNA-124	Upregulated	PTPN1	[73]
miRNA-26a	Downregulated	DAPK1	[75]
miRNA-106b	Downregulated	Fyn	[83]
miRNA-218	Upregulated	PTPα	[76]
miRNA-212	Downregulated	SIRT1	[86, 87]

ITPKB: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase B; MeCP2: methyl-CpG-binding protein-2; GSK-3β: glycogen synthase kinase-3β; SIRT1: Sirtuin 1; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; UCHL1: ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1; ROCK1: rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 1; RARA: retinoic acid receptor alpha; DUSP6: dual-specificity phosphatase 6; PPP1CA: protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit alpha isoform; NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate; Bcl-w: Bcl-2-like protein 2; ERK1: extracellular-regulated kinase; IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor 1; PTPN1: tyrosine-protein phosphatase nonreceptor type 1; DAPK1: death-associated protein kinase 1; PTPα: protein tyrosine phosphatase α.