Effects of Simultaneously Performed Dual-Task Training with Aerobic Exercise and Working Memory Training on Cognitive Functions and Neural Systems in the Elderly

Table 3

Pre- and posttest scores for psychological measures ().

	WMT		SDAEWMT		AET		Raw value^a	value^b
	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	SDAEWMT vs. others	Pretest differences
0-back accuracy							0.260	0.656
2-back accuracy							0.008^c	0.970
RAPM							0.179	0.401
Digit span							0.664	0.121
Logical memory							0.938	0.056
D-CAT							0.449	0.884
FAB							0.008^d	0.514
Symbol search							0.975	0.257
Digit symbol							0.430	0.581
SACT							0.837	0.187

^aOne-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) tests comparing the SDAEWMT group with the other two groups for test–retest differences, with psychological measures as dependent variables and pretest scores for the psychological measures as covariates. For all tests, one-tailed tests were performed to assess the superiority of SDAEWMT. ^bOne-way ANOVAs comparing the pretest scores of the three groups. ^cOne-tailed, one-way ANCOVAs revealed that the increase in the SDAEWMT group was not significantly greater than that in the WMT group () but that there was a significantly greater increase in the SDAEWMT group than in the AET group (). ^dOne-tailed, one-way ANCOVAs revealed a trend toward a greater increase in the SDAEWMT group than in the WMT group () and a significantly greater increase in the SDAEWMT group than in the AET group ().