The Adjustment of Anterior Forebrain Pathway (AFP) to Birdsong Is Phased during Song Learning and Maintenance

<div>Neural structure of the anterior forebrain pathway (AFP) consisted of Area X, DLM, and LMAN. There are spiny neurons (SN) and fast-spiking neurons (AF) in Area X, stimulated by HVC<sub>X</sub> neurons. AF neurons also get inputs from SN neurons and LMAN while simultaneously inhibiting DLM projection neurons (DLM<sub>PN</sub>). DLM<sub>PN</sub> neurons are under local inhibition caused by the DLM inhibitory neuron (DLM<sub>IN</sub>). They stimulate LMAN, which finally sends delayed input to RA. Inhibitory neurons, SN and DLM<sub>IN</sub>, are activated by LMAN and RA, respectively. Arrow lines represent excitatory projections, while circle-headed lines represent inhibitory projections.</div>

Neural Plasticity

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Figure 3

Figure 3: The Adjustment of Anterior Forebrain Pathway (AFP) to Birdsong Is Phased during Song Learning and Maintenance 