Review Article
Auditory Neural Plasticity in Tinnitus Mechanisms and Management
Table 2
Clinical trials of other medications for tinnitus.
| | Drugs | Authors & year | Effect targets | Conclusions |
| | Memantine | [111] | NMDAR antagonist | Not effective | | Neramexane | [115] | NMDAR and 5-HT3R | Not effective | | Acamprosate | [116] | Glu antagonist; GABA agonist | TS decreased by 3.87 | | [117] | Higher alleviating rate (92.5% vs. 12.5%) | | AM-101 | [118] | NMDAR antagonist | Not effective | | AUT00063 | [124] | Modulates Kv3.1/3.2 channels | Not effective | | CoQ10 | [148] | Component of ETC | TQ scores decreased by 14 | | [149] | Antioxidants | Lower tinnitus incidence rate (11.1% vs. 62.5%) | | Zinc | [153] | Component of SOD | Not effective | | [152] | THI reduced by 8.3 | | Pentoxifylline | [157] | Improves inner ear perfusion | VAS-P decreased by 5 and 3 compared to pretreatment and placebo, respectively | | Sulodexide | [156] | Antithrombotic/anticoagulant | THI and Mini-TQ reduced by 10.3 and 3.9, respectively | | Ginkgo biloba | [162] | Antioxidants | Mini-TQ and 11-PBS-L/A reduced by 2.19 and 0.74/1.06, respectively | | [163] | THI score reduced by >20 | | [164] | Not effective | | Vitamin B12 | [165] | Maintains the function of myelin, etc. | Not effective | | [167] | TSS reduced by 8.2 in patients with B12 deficiency | | Melatonin | [172] | Scavenges free radicals, etc. | No significance effect measured by THI | | [171] | THI reduced by 10.4 compared with placebo | | [168] | THI scores decreased by 4.6 | | [173] | Higher alleviating rate (57% vs. 25%) |
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GABAR: gamma aminobutyric acid receptor; VAS-L/A/P/S: visual analog scale of loudness/annoyance/tinnitus perception/somatization; THI: tinnitus handicap inventory;3,4-dhydroxyphenethelamine receptorD1/2/3; SSRI/E: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor/enhancer; 5-HT2A/CR: 5-hydroxytryptamine2A/C receptor; HAMD: Hamilton Depression Scale; ITI: multidimensional pain inventory of tinnitus interference; ATAQ: 10-point scale from of the American Tinnitus Association questionnaire; TSQ: Tinnitus Severity Questionnaire; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; NMDAR: N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor; TS: Tinnitus Scale; ETC: electron transport chain; TQ: Tinnitus Questionnaire; SOD: superoxide dismutase; 11-PBS-L/A: 11-point box scale-loudness/annoyance; TSS: Tinnitus Severity Score.
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