Distinct Associations of Cognitive Impairments and Reduced Gray Matter Volumes in Remitted Patients with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder

Table 1

Demographic and clinical characteristics.

Characteristic	Group; or no. (%)				value	Post hoc analysis
	HC ()	SZ ()	BD ()
Age, year^a				0.966	0.383	—
Male sex^b	21 (37.5%)	13 (28.3%)	10 (28.6%)	1.260	0.533	—
Education, year^a				2.821	0.063	—
Handedness, right^b	56 (100%)	46 (100%)	35 (100%)	—	—	—
First episode, yes^b	—	27 (58.7%)	10 (28.6%)	7.269	0.007	SZ>BD
Duration (month)^c	—	()	()	1.071	0.304	—
Medication, yes^b	—	42 (91.3%)	29 (82.9%)	1.311	0.252	—
Antipsychotic^b	—	38 (86.4%)	17 (58.6%)	7.242	0.007	SZ>BD
Mood stabilizer^b	—	7 (15.9%)	17 (58.6%)	14.450	<0.001	BD>SZ
Antidepressant^b	—	11 (25.0%)	6 (20.7%)	0.182	0.670	—
HAMD-17, total score^d				13.537	0.001	SZ>HC (); BD>HC (); SZ vs. BD ()
YMRS, total score^d				3.274	0.195	—
BPRS, total score^d				24.500	<0.001	SZ>HC (); BD>HC (); SZ vs. BD ()

BD, bipolar disorder; BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; , one-way ANOVA; , Kruskal-Wallis test; HAMD-17, Hamilton Depression Scale; HAMA, Hamilton Anxiety Scale; HC, healthy control; SZ, schizophrenia; SD, standard deviation; , independent-samples -test; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale; , Chi-square test; ^aOne-way ANOVA; ^bChi-square test; ^cindependent-samples -test; ^dKruskal-Wallis test. Significant at ; post hoc analysis is the Bonferroni correction.