Autophagy-Associated lncRNAs: Promising Targets for Neurological Disease Diagnosis and Therapy

Table 1

lncRNAs associated with autophagy regulation in neurological diseases.

Neurological diseases	lncRNA	Main target gene	Expression	Mechanism	Function	Models	Ref.
Alzheimer’s disease	17A	GABABR2	Up	17A downregulation promotes autophagy by elevating GABABR2 expression	Inducing Aβ secretion and increment of the Aβ42/40 ratio	SH-SY5Y cells treated with amyloid β peptide1-42	[41, 42]
	NEAT1	NEDD4L and PINK1	Up	Inhibiting PINK1-independent mitophagy by promoting NEDD4L-mediated PINK1 ubiquitination and degradation	Increasing Aβ accumulation	APP/PS1 mice	[46]
Parkinson’s disease	NEAT1	PINK1	Up	Promoting autophagy through stabilizing PINK1 protein	Alleviating dopaminergic neuronal injury	MPTP mouse model and MPP+-induced SH-SY5Y	[51]
	SNHG1	miR-221/222	Up	SNHG1 downregulation increased LC3-II levels through the miR-221/222/p27/mTOR pathway	Enhancing α-synuclein aggregation thus leads to dopaminergic toxicity	MPTP mouse model and MPP+-induced MN9D cells	[56]
	HOTAIR	LRRK2	Up	Promoting autophagy by improving LRRK2 mRNA stability and activating ERK/MAPK pathways	Increasing the loss of striatal dopamine and promoting PD progression	MPTP mouse model and MPP+-induced SH-SY5Y	[57]
		miR-126-5p		Suppressing autophagy trough HOTAIR/miR-126-5p/RAB3IP axis	Elevating the loss of striatal dopamine and the accumulation of α-synuclein	MPTP rat model and MPP+-induced SH-SY5Y	[59]
	HAGLROS	miR-100	Up	Inhibiting autophagy via regulating miR-100/ATG10 axis and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activation	Contributing to the development of PD	MPTP mouse model and MPP+-induced SH-SY5Y	[61]
Ischemic stroke	H19	DUSP5	Up	Promoting autophagy through regulating DUSP5-ERK1/2 axis	Aggravating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury	SH-SY5Y cell culture	[71]
	SNHG12	Unknown	Up	Activating beclin1-dependent autophagy	Alleviating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury	SH-SY5Y cell culture	[76]
	MALAT1	miR-26b	Up	Activating autophagy through upregulation of ULK2	Attenuating ischemia-reperfusion injury	BMEC culture	[74]
		miR-200c-3p		Promoting autophagy by regulating miR-200c-3p/Sirt1 axis			[75]
		miR-30a		Promoting autophagy via MALAT1/miR-30a/beclin1 axis	Aggravating ischemic injury	Mouse brain and N2a cells	[73]
	KCNQ1OT1	miR-200a	Up	Promoting the formation of autophagosomes through the mir-200a/FOXO3/ATG7 axis	Aggravating neurological impairments	Mouse brain and SH-SY5Y cell culture	[78]
Epilepsy	MALAT1	PI3K/AKT	Up	Activating autophagy by inhibiting PI3K/AKT signaling pathway	Promoting the degeneration and necrosis of hippocampal neurons	Rats with EP	[81]
Glioma	MEG3	PI3K/AKT/mTOR	Down	Activating autophagy by downregulating of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways and the upregulating of Sirt7	Repressing cell proliferation and migration	U251 cell lines	[92]
		Unknown		Suppressing cisplatin-induced excessive autophagy	Increasing glioma cell sensitive to cisplatin	U87 cell lines	[93]
	PVT1	miR-186	Up	Activating autophagy through upregulation of ATG7 and Beclin1	Promoting proliferation, migration and angiogenesis	hCMEC/D3	[94]
	MALAT1	miR-101	Up	Activating autophagy through upregulation	Promoting cell proliferation	Glioma tissue from patients, U87, U118,	[96]
				STMN1, RAB5A, and ATG4D		U251, U373, and D247 cell lines
		miR-384		Activating autophagy through upregulation GOLM1	Enhancing glioma migration and invasion	Glioma tissue from patients, SHG-44, and LN229 cells	[100]
	GAS5	mTOR	Up	Suppressing cisplatin-induced excessive autophagy in an mTOR-independent manner	Increasing glioma cell sensitive to cisplatin	U87 and u138 cell lines	[103]