Aberrant Advanced Cognitive and Attention-Related Brain Networks in Parkinson’s Disease with Freezing of Gait

Table 1

Demographic characteristics and clinical assessments.

	HC () mean (SD)	FOG- () mean (SD)	FOG+ () mean (SD)	value
Age (yrs)	60.19 (3.783)	60.00 (10.498)	66.52 (8.574)	0.001^a
Male/female	11/15	17/13	15/10	0.397^b
Disease duration (yrs)	NA	2.72 (2.98)	6.86 (5.37)	<0.001^c
H&Y	NA	2.03 (0.41)	2.60 (0.69)	0.002^c
MMSE	27.58 (2.06)	27.97 (1.83)	27.12 (1.80)	0.204^a
UPDRS-I	NA	1.43 (1.65)	2.00 (2.20)	0.382^c
UPDRS-II	NA	6.60 (3.04)	12.32 (8.11)	0.002^d
UPDRS-III	NA	25.10 (13.79)	29.16 (18.42)	0.368^d
UPDRS-IV	NA	0.97 (1.90)	3.20 (2.99)	0.001^c
PDQ-39	NA	16.43 (11.93)	34.20 (26.66)	0.006^c
GFO	NA	2.83 (2.45)	17.84 (13.47)	<0.001^c
FOGQ	NA	1.50 (1.46)	10.72 (6.89)	<0.001^c

HC: healthy controls; FOG+/FOG-: Parkinson’s disease with/without freezing of gait; NA: not applicable. H&Y: Hoehn & Yahr; MMSE: Mini Mental State Examination; UPDRS: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; GFQ: Gait and Falls Questionnaire; FOGQ: Freezing of Gait Questionnaire. ^aStatistical value was obtained by Kruskal-Wallis -test. ^bStatistical value was obtained by Pearson Chi-Square test. ^cStatistical value was obtained by Mann-Whitney test. ^dStatistical value was obtained by Independent Student -test.