(1) Randomized controlled trial, (2) outpatient, (3) convenience sample from another project, (4) 60–90/2–3
17
17
71.2 (1.7)
71.5 (1.5)
NR
NR
Imaging: BOLD fMRI signal during motor imagery/imagined walking.
Gait speed and stride length during usual walking and obstacle negotiation. Global cognitive function, attention and executive function was assessed using a computerized test battery.
Imaging: BOLD fMRI-signal during a complex bilateral finger tapping task, during a continuous fingertip force tracking task and during rest.
None
Carvalho et al., 2016
(1) Randomized controlled trial, (2) outpatient, (3) recruited from an outpatient rehabilitation department (4) 45–80/1–3
5 (AT) and 8 (ST)
9
64.8 (11.9) (AT) 64.1 (9.9) (ST)
62.1 (11.7)
2.6 (0.5) (AT) 2.1 (0.6) (ST)
2.3 (0.5)
EEG mean frequency, electrodes divided into six areas: frontal pole, frontal, central, temporal, parietal and occipital.
UPDRS I-IV. Chair-stand test, arm curl test, 2-minute step test, chair sit and reach test, back scratch test, 8-foot up and go test, 10 m walk test, and BBS.
Evaluation of metabolic brain activity with PET using 2-deoxy-2[18F]fluoro-D-glucose
Spatiotemporal gait parameters at preferred speed 30 m. Finger tapping for 30 s.
Sehm et al., 2013
(1) Single-arm clinical triala, (2) outpatient, (3) recruited from an outpatient clinic, (4) no/no
20
_
62.9 (7.1)
_
2.1 (0.4)
_
Evaluation of grey matter volume using structural MRI.
BBS; behavioral measure: “Time in target,” i.e, the number of seconds participants were able to keep the platform in a horizontal position.
SD calculated from SEM. Abbreviations: BDNF: brain-derived neutrophic factor; UPDRS: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; PDQ-39: Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire-39; 6MWT: 6-minute walk test; BBS: Berg Balance Scale; TUG: Timed Up and Go; NA: not applicable; NR: not reported; EEG: electroencephalogram; CSP: cortical silent period; 8-FT: 8 Foot Up and Go test; BST: Back Scratch Test; CSRT: Chair Sit and Reach Test; ACT: Arm Curl Test; CST: Chair Stand Test; 2-MST: 2-minute step test; 10mWT: 10-meter walk test; TMS: transcranial magnetic stimulation; PET: positron emission tomography.