Exercise-Induced Neuroplasticity in Parkinson’s Disease: A Metasynthesis of the Literature
Table 4
Summary of findings and overall level of evidence as assessed with GRADE.
All studies
Studies included in the meta-analysis
GRADE domains
Domain
Method
Total number of participants (no. studies)
Total number of participants (no. studies)
Estimated effect size ( value)
Phase
Study limitations
Inconsistency
Indirectness
Imprecision
Publication bias
Level of evidence
Neurochemical
BDNF level in serum, TrkB signaling in lymphocytes
61 (4)
36 (3)
0.91–1.84 (>0.05)
+++
−
0
0
−
0
+ Very low
Brain function
fMRI, EEG, TMS, PET
132 (8)
NA
NA
Brain structure
MRI
20 (1)
NA
NA
GRADE—Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. Heterogenous outcomes. None of the included studies were registered in Clinical Trials.