Exercise-Induced Neuroplasticity in Parkinson’s Disease: A Metasynthesis of the Literature

Table 4

Summary of findings and overall level of evidence as assessed with GRADE.

		All studies	Studies included in the meta-analysis			GRADE domains
Domain	Method	Total number of participants (no. studies)	Total number of participants (no. studies)	Estimated effect size ( value)	Phase	Study limitations	Inconsistency	Indirectness	Imprecision	Publication bias	Level of evidence
Neurochemical	BDNF level in serum, TrkB signaling in lymphocytes	61 (4)	36 (3)	0.91–1.84 (>0.05)	+++	−	0	0	−	0	+; Very low
Brain function	fMRI, EEG, TMS, PET	132 (8)	NA	NA
Brain structure	MRI	20 (1)	NA	NA

GRADE—Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. Heterogenous outcomes. None of the included studies were registered in Clinical Trials.