Neurobiology of Recovery of Motor Function after Stroke: The Central Nervous System Biomarker Effects of Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy

Table 1

Characteristics of some of the reviewed studies.

Study	Design	Stage of stroke		Duration of therapy	Constraint	Additional therapy	Outcome measures
Wang et al. (2012)	Self-control experiment	Subacute	5	CIMT for 4 hours, 20 minutes, 5 times a week for 4 weeks	Nil	4 hours of lower limb loading exercise (Bobath) divided into 2 sessions per day for 6 weeks	MWS, BBS, fMRI
Blicher et al. (2014)	Clinical controlled trial	Subacute and chronic	41	CIMT for 2 weeks in the experimental group	Mitt for 90% of waking hours	Nil	WMFT, MRI, mRS
Könönen et al. (2005)	Pretest; Posttest	Chronic	12	CIMT for 6 hours per day for 10 days	Lightweight sling worn during the exercise and for 10 hours per day	Nil	WMFT, MRI, SPECT
Di Lazzaro et al. (2014)	RCT	Acute	14	40 mins and 30 s tDCs for experimental and control groups, respectively, for 5 days	Resting sling for 90% of waking hours	Standard physical therapy protocol	9HPT, MAL, NIHSS (motor), hand grip, mRS
Rijntjes et al. (2011)		Chronic	12	6 hours of CIMT/day for 2 weeks	Splint for 90% of the waking hours	Nil	Same as above plus TMS
Boake et al. (2007)	RCT	Acute	23	3 hours of CIMT and traditional therapy for CIMT and control groups, respectively	Constraint for 90% of the waking hours		FM, TMS, GPT, MAL
Chouinard et al. (2006)	Pretest; Posttest	Chronic		4 hours of CIMT for 2 weeks	Wearing of mitt at home	Nil	TMS/PET
Ro et al.(2006)	RCT	Acute	8	3 hours of CIMT and traditional therapy, respectively, 6 days a weeks for 2 weeks	Constraint for 90% of the waking hours	Nil	TMS, MAL

Key: MWS=Mean walking speed; BBS=Berg balance scale; fMRI=Functional magnetic resonance imaging; SPECT=Single-photon emission computerized tomography; fMRI=functional magnetic resonance imaging; FM=Fugl Meyer; ARAT=action research arm test; WMFT=Wolf motor function test; MAL=motor activity log; MRI=magnetic resonance imaging; mRS=modified Rankin scale; 9HPT=nine-peg hole test; NIHSS=National Institute of Health Stroke Scale; TMS=transmagnetic stimulation; PET=positron emission tomography; GPT=groove peg test.