Impaired Cognitive Empathy in Outpatients with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 2

Demographic and psychological characteristics of chronic musculoskeletal pain (MSK pain) patients and healthy controls (HCs).

	MSK pain ()	HC ()	()
Age			1.550	0.128
Education years			-1.650	0.102
Gender (male/female)	17/5	18/8	0.3903	0.532
Handedness (left/right)	0/22	1/25	1.2070	0.272
NRS		0	NA	NA
SF-MPQ			NA	NA
Pain time (months)		0	NA	NA
PSQI			2.550	0.014
Positive emotion			-0.950	0.351
Negative emotion			1.950	0.058
Depression			1.600	0.122
Anxiety			1.750	0.087
Stress			0.600	0.536

represents level of significance from independent-samples -test and chi-square as appropriate. NRS: Numerical Rating Scale; SF-MPQ: Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. ; NA: not applicable.