Improving Clinical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial Dysfunctions in Patients with Schizophrenia: A Neurofeedback Randomized Control Trial
Table 1
Baseline and final results of combined NF/standard rehabilitation versus standard rehabilitation.
Variable
Group
Baseline
Final
Difference absolute
Difference significance
Confidence level
M
SD
M
SD
−95%
+95%
PANSS-POS
NF
9.06
2.04
7.50
2.23
1.56
10.719
0.001
−1.86
−1.25
R
9.28
2.01
8.24
2.01
1.04
6.186
0.001
0.69
1.39
PANSS-NEG
NF
13.94
3.92
11.83
4.48
2.11
8.304
0.001
−2.65
−1.57
R
15.16
3.51
14.08
4.47
1.08
2.596
0.016
0.22
1.94
PANSS-GEN
NF
24.83
3.35
22.61
3.71
2.22
10.736
0.001
−2.66
−1.79
R
27.44
3.31
25.88
4.20
1.56
2.742
0.011
0.39
2.73
PANSS-TOT
NF
47.83
8.49
41.94
9.64
5.89
11.834
0.001
−6.94
−4.84
R
51.92
7.22
48.20
9.36
3.72
3.375
0.003
1.45
6.00
CTT-1
NF
57.19
26.16
49.31
24.92
7.88
1.865
0.082
-16.88
1.13
R
59.50
24.00
54.29
19.74
5.21
1.861
0.076
-0.58
11.00
CTT-2
NF
121.50
55.62
109.06
42.44
12.44
1.535
0.146
-29.71
4.83
R
120.58
37.64
110.33
32.59
10.25
1.725
0.098
-2.04
22.54
d2. %B (errors)
NF
10.70
11.09
8.71
10.33
1.99
0.741
0.471
−7.74
3.77
R
9.01
10.89
6.25
7.01
2.76
2.107
0.046
0.05
5.47
d2. ZK (ability to concentrate)
NF
99.06
44.59
105.94
47.66
6.88
−0.985
0.340
−8.00
21.75
R
107.42
46.69
117.88
35.71
10.46
−2.078
0.049
−20.87
−0.05
BCIS A (self-reflectiveness)
NF
22.72
4.80
25.72
3.14
3.00
−3.170
0.006
−5.00
−1.00
R
21.15
4.47
22.12
4.96
0.96
−0.911
0.371
−3.14
1.21
BCISS A-B (composite index)
NF
8.78
5.35
12.22
3.17
3.44
−2.946
0.009
−5.91
−0.98
R
6.38
4.83
7.35
5.12
0.96
−1.000
0.327
−2.94
1.02
AIS (illness acceptance)
NF
22.67
8.95
26.44
6.46
3.78
−2.547
0.021
0.65
6.91
R
25.96
8.77
25.00
7.83
0.96
0.557
0.583
−2.60
4.52
GSES (self-efficacy)
NF
23.78
5.43
27.61
5.09
3.83
−3.239
0.005
1.34
6.33
R
30.15
5.76
28.69
6.16
1.46
1.000
0.327
−1.55
4.47
BDNF serum
NF
44.78
10.69
55.50
10.76
10.72
−6.185
0.001
7.06
14.38
R
50.16
11.38
52.96
10.70
2.80
−1.575
0.128
−6.47
0.87
QEEG C-z theta/beta
NF
1.92
0.57
2.29
0.88
0.37
−2.632
0.018
0.07
0.67
R
2.35
0.94
2.49
0.82
0.14
−1.453
0.159
−0.34
0.06
QEEG F-z theta/SMR
NF
2.07
0.64
2.37
0.80
0.30
−2.358
0.031
0.03
0.57
R
2.49
1.00
2.60
0.83
0.10
−1.013
0.321
−0.31
0.10
F-z N1 (amplitude)
NF
−3.95
2.53
−5.36
1.93
1.41
2.588
0.020
−2.57
−0.26
R
−5.29
3.93
−6.58
3.44
1.30
1.263
0.219
−0.83
3.42
C-z P2 (latency)
NF
208.82
14.81
196.06
18.27
12.77
2.643
0.018
−23.01
−2.52
R
203.92
23.94
205.04
21.70
1.13
−0.185
0.855
−13.68
11.43
M: mean value; SD: standard deviation; CV%: coefficient of variation; : Student’s -test; : level of significance; PANSS-POS: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale-Positive; PANSS-NEG: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale-Negative; PANSS-GEN: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale-General; PANSS-TOT: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale-Total; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; BCIS: Beck Cognitive Insight Scale; AIS: Acceptance of Illness Scale; GSES: General Self-Efficacy Scale; QEEG C-z theta/beta: attention factor of the central area; QEEG F-z theta/SMR: concentration factor of the central area; F-z N1 (amplitude): amplitude of the first negative component of the central area; C-z P2 (latency): delay of the second positive component of the central area.
