Inhibitory Control Deficits in Children with Tic Disorders Revealed by Object-Hit-and-Avoid Task

Table 4

ANCOVA results for each kinematic variable, control participants versus those with tic disorders, with age as covariate; and for control participants versus those with tic disorders, groups are split into two (those without ADHD and those with ADHD), with age as covariate, and planned contrasts comparing each of the two patient groups to the control group.

Kinematic variables	Controls (adjusted mean and 95% CI)	Tics-without-ADHD	value versus controls	Tics-plus-ADHD	value versus controls	Between-groups -stat and value	Post hoc comparisons between patient groups (mean difference and 95% CI for difference)
Movement speed dominant	0.183 m/s (0.175, 0.192)	0.193 m/s (0.175, 0.211)	0.342	0.216 m/s (0.198, 0.234)	0.001	;	-0.023; -0.054, 0.010;
Movement speed nondominant	0.173 m/s (0.165, 0.181)	0.182 m/s (0.166, 0.199)	0.326	0.192 m/s (0.175, 0.209)	0.047	;	-0.010; -0.038, 0.019;
Movement area dominant	0.109 m^2 (0.104, 0.114)	0.113 m^2 (0.103, 0.123)	0.497	0.120 m^2 (0.110, 0.131)	0.047	;	-0.010; -0.025, 0.010;
Movement area nondominant	0.100 m^2 (0.095, 0.104)	0.106 m^2 (0.096, 0.117)	0.235	0.102 m^2 (0.092, 0.112)	0.650	;	0.004; -0.014, 0.022;