Effect of Propionic Acid on Diabetes-Induced Impairment of Unfolded Protein Response Signaling and Astrocyte/Microglia Crosstalk in Rat Ventromedial Nucleus of the Hypothalamus

Figure 6

Effects of administration of metformin and PA on the level of unfolded protein response regulator GRP78/BiP. (a) Immunoblotting analysis of GRP78 in rat VMH: representative immunoblots are shown and quantified using tubulin as a loading control for hypothalamus lysates. (b) The bar graphs of GRP78 are presented as (). (c) Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of Grp78 in rat VMH: data were normalized to β-actin and pooled from three independent experiments ( rats/group). Immunocytochemical analysis of GRP78-positive VMH cells: representative (d) histogram and (e) images are shown. DAB staining was used to visualize GRP78-positive cells; Hematoxylin Gill was used for nuclear staining. Scale bars indicate 150 μm (magnification ×400). All data are shown as ; vs. control, vs. T2DM, ^# vs. metformin administration, and ^@ vs. PA administration.

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