Assessment of Cognitive Function with Sleep Spindle Characteristics in Adults with Epilepsy

Figure 1

Spindle characteristics during N2 sleep. First row of each graphic: the topographic distribution of average spindle parameters at scalp level: (a) spindle density and (d) spindle duration of cognitive impairment grouping by MMSE, including none (≥27 points, ), mild (23-26 points, ), and severe (<23 points, ); (c) spindle density and (b) spindle duration of cognitive impairment grouping by MoCA, including none (≥25 points, ), mild (20-24 points, ), and severe (<20 points, ). The maps are based on 19 derivations of the International 10-20 system (electrodes positions indicated by black dots). Second row of each graphic: statistical maps (-values) of ANOVA (none vs. mild vs. severe) about spindle parameter. For the derivations exhibiting significant between-group differences employing ANOVA (), white dots indicate statistically significant after Benjamini and Hochberg correction (), and grey dots indicate no statistical significance after correction (). The significant difference in the post hoc test (none vs. severe, mild vs. severe) is also indicated by white/grey dots correspondingly (). Third row of each graphic: histograms () of the spindle parameter in each derivation show the significant differences among cognitive subgroups in ANOVA. Colored histograms indicate still statistical significance after Benjamini and Hochberg correction (), and the gray histograms with no statistical significance after correction (). Statistical significance of the post hoc test is indicated with the following: , , and ns: no statistical significance.

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