Research Article
Assessment of Cognitive Function with Sleep Spindle Characteristics in Adults with Epilepsy
Table 1
Demographic and clinical characteristics and sleep architecture variables of participants.
| | Variables | Values |
| | Age (years; mean (SD)) | 27.18 (6.11) | | Female ( (%)) | 33 (57.9) | | Handedness | Right | | Education (years; mean (SD)) | 10.88 (4.56) | | Age of onset (years; mean (SD)) | 17.65 (8.56) | | Epilepsy duration (years; mean (SD)) | 9.56 (7.34) | | Seizure type | | | Partial ( (%)) | 4 (7.0) | | Secondarily generalized ( (%)) | 31 (54.4) | | Generalized ( (%)) | 22 (38.6) | | Seizure frequency | | | Less than once a year ( (%)) | 29 (50.9) | | At least once a year ( (%)) | 17 (29.8) | | At least once a month ( (%)) | 9 (15.8) | | At least once a week ( (%)) | 2 (3.5) | | NHS3 score (mean (SD)) | 12.30 (3.72) | | Number of antiepileptic drugs (mean (SD)) | 1.11 (0.82) | | History of febrile seizures ( (%)) | 14 (24.6) | | Family history of epilepsy ( (%)) | 3 (5.3) | | Waist-to-hip ratio (mean (SD)) | 0.81 (0.06) | | Body mass index (kg/m2; mean (SD)) | 21.81 (3.08) | | SAS score (mean (SD)) | 37.84 (9.31) | | SDS score (mean (SD)) | 40.68 (10.82) | | PSQI score (mean (SD)) | 3.91 (2.84) | | Cognitive performance | | | MMSE (mean (SD)) | 26.11 (4.09) | | MoCA-TS (mean (SD)) | 22.07 (5.80) | | MoCA-MIS (mean (SD)) | 10.74 (3.83) | | MoCA-EIS (mean (SD)) | 8.84 (3.16) | | MoCA-VIS (mean (SD)) | 4.96 (1.87) | | MoCA-LIS (mean (SD)) | 4.39 (1.58) | | MoCA-AIS (mean (SD)) | 14.16 (3.76) | | MoCA-OIS (mean (SD)) | 5.60 (0.86) | | Sleep parameters | | | Total sleep time (TST, min; mean (SD)) | 447.95 (97.70) | | Sleep efficiency (%; mean (SD)) | 69.45 (15.22) | | NREM sleep stage 1 (% of TST; mean (SD)) | 7.35 (4.57) | | NREM sleep stage 2 (% of TST; mean (SD)) | 60.10 (10.05) | | NREM sleep stage 3 (% of TST; mean (SD)) | 13.18 (8.51) | | REM sleep (% of TST; mean (SD)) | 19.36 (7.40) |
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NHS3: National Hospital Seizure Severity Scale; SAS: Self-rating Anxiety Scale; SDS: Self-rating Depression Scale; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination total score; MoCA-TS: Montreal Cognitive Assessment total score; MoCA-MIS: Memory Index Score; MoCA-EIS: Executive Index Score; MoCA-VIS: Visuospatial Index Score; MoCA-LIS: Language Index Score; MoCA-AIS: Attention Index Score; MoCA-OIS: Orientation Index Score; NREM: nonrapid eye movement; REM: rapid eye movement; SD: standard deviation.
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