Clinical Features and Treatment in the Spectrum of Paroxysmal Dyskinesias: An Observational Study in South-West Castilla y Leon, Spain
Table 1
Summary of the results of cases sample identified as primary paroxysmal dyskinesias.
Case number
Sex
Age at onset (years)
Current age (years)
Predominant movement
Duration
Frequency
Aura
Location
Precipitants or exacerbating factors
Treatment
Evolution
F1.I.1
M
12
71
D
15-20 secs
1-2/month
Yes
U: Left hand
Sudden movement, startle
–
Remission at 25 years
F1.II.1
M
9
48
CD
30-60 sec
2/week
Yes
U: Left arm and leg
Sudden movement
–
Remission at 25 years
F1.II.7
F
8
24
CD, anartria
1-2 min
20-30/day
Yes
A: Left>right arm and leg; face
Sudden movement, stress, fatigue, startle
TPM, CBZ, LTG
No attacks with TPM (weight loss) and LTG; CBZ: 2/week
F1.III.1
F
5
6
CD
30-60 sec
3-4/day
No
A: Hemi-corporal
Sudden movement
–
No changes
F2.III.2
M
8
32
D
30-60 sec
1/day
No
U: Right hand
Sudden movement
–
Remission at 20 years
F2.III.3
F
7
30
D
1-2 min
2/day
Yes
A: Hands
Sudden movement, stress
LTG
Removing LTG without attacks
F3.I.1
M
25
75
D
10 min
4/week
No
B: Hands
Exercise
–
No changes
F3.II.2
F
28
50
D
15-60 min
1/day
No
A o B: Feet > hands
Exercise, stress
ACTZ,CZP, PGB, L-dopa
Improvement with L-dopa
F3.III.2
F
20
23
D
15 min
2/day
No
B: Hands
Exercise
–
No changes
E1
F
23
27
D
30-60 sec
5/day
Yes
U: Right hand
Sudden movement
TPM
Improvement with TPM
E2
M
16
18
D
5 min
1-2/month
Yes
A: Hands
Rest
–
No changes
E3
M
33
34
D
5 min
1/month
No
U: Left hand
Rest, alcohol
–
No changes
E4
F
7
14
D
10 min
1-2/day
No
U: Left arm and leg
Exercise; fatigue, hunger
Ketogenic diet
Improvement with diet
At the time with the larger number of episodes; F: familial; E: sporadic; M: male; F: female; D: dystonia; CD: mixed chorea and dystonia; A: alternant (sometimes affects one side and others to the other one); U: unilateral; B: affects both sides simultaneously; TPM: topiramate; CBZ: carbamazepine; LTG; lamotrigine; ACTZ: acetazolamide; CZP: clonazepam; PGB: pregabalin.
