Simple Measures of Function and Symptoms in Hospitalized Heart Failure Patients Predict Short-Term Cardiac Event-Free Survival

Table 6

Cox univariate predictors of cardiac events within 90 days after discharge.

Variable	Hazard ratio (HR)	95% confidence interval (CI)	𝑃 value^a
Age	0.974	0.93–1.02	0.266
Gender	1.548	0.34–6.99	0.570
ACEi or ARB therapy at end of study^b	0.941	0.31–2.88	0.916
Beta blocker therapy at end of study	0.510	0.16–1.66	0.264
Ambulation—average daily time spent standing or walking in hospital	1.006	0.99–1.02	0.394
Ambulation—average daily time spent lying down in hospital	1.067	0.90–1.27	0.468
Creatinine	1.024	0.78–1.35	0.869
Home exercise, patient reported	0.667	0.22–1.99	0.467
Physical therapy in hospital	1.375	0.45–4.21	0.576
Discharged with physical or occupational therapy, or home health	1.327	0.45–3.96	0.612
Ejection fraction <40%	2.327	0.52–10.52	0.272
History of hypertension	0.238	0.08–0.71	0.010
History of smoking	1.109	0.31–4.03	0.875
Current smoking	1.484	0.70–3.15	0.304
Pack years	0.999	0.97–1.03	0.941
Karnofsky performance status scale category (KPS)	0.620	0.36–1.06	0.082
Katz Index of ADLs—study start	1.084	0.63–1.87	0.770
Length of stay	1.085	1.03–1.15	0.007
NYHA Class—home	1.607	0.79–3.25	0.188
NYHA Class—study start	1.28	0.63–2.59	0.493
NYHA Class—study end	3.404	1.37–8.46	0.008
Shortness of breath—study start^c	24.449	0.15–39302.29	0.396
Shortness of breath—study end	3.962	1.19–13.22	0.025
Fatigue—study start	22.814	0.00–169995.56	0.492
Fatigue—study end	9.661	1.24–75.06	0.030
Orthopnea—study start	2.462	0.68–8.96	0.172
Orthopnea—study end	12.807	1.65–99.73	0.015
Edema—study start	0.649	0.20–2.11	0.472
Edema—study end	0.660	0.21–2.05	0.471
Total number of symptoms—study start	1.500	0.748–3.007	0.254
Total number of symptoms—study end	2.341	1.310–4.182	0.004
SPPB total score—study start	1.042	0.89–1.23	0.618
SPPB balance score—study start	1.473	0.84–2.57	0.173
SPPB gait score—study start	1.153	0.77–1.72	0.488
SPPB chair stand score—study start	0.869	0.57–1.33	0.515

aBold indicates results with 𝑃<0.05.
^bStudy end was 1.0 days (median) before discharge.
^cStudy start was 1.0 days (median) after admission.