Job Satisfaction among Care Aides in Residential Long-Term Care: A Systematic Review of Contributing Factors, Both Individual and Organizational

Table 3

Individual factors (reported four or more times).

Category	First author	Significance (S = < .05)	Direction (magnitude)	Methodological quality	Sample size
) Sociodemographics (n  =  13  studies)
Age ( studies)	Allensworth-Davies [47]	NS		Weak	135
	Blackmon [49]	NS		Weak	188
	Choi [53]	NS		High moderate	2,254
	Friedman [56]	S	+ ( = 0.15)	High moderate	349
	Gittell [58]	NS		Low moderate	252
	Grieshaber [60]	NS		Weak	79
	Kuo [10]	NS		Low moderate	114
	Lerner [65]	NS		Low moderate	556
	McGilton [67]	NS		High moderate	222
	Parsons [33]	NS		Weak	550
	Simpson [73]	S	+ ( = 0.14)	High moderate	504
	Walborn [79]	S	+ ( = 0.218)	Weak	185
Ethnicity ( studies)	Allensworth-Davies [47]	NS		Weak	135
	Blackmon [49]	NS		Weak	188
	Choi [53]	NS		High moderate	2,254
	Kuo [10]	S	+ ( = 0.32)	Low moderate	114
	McGilton [67]	S	− ( = −0.28)	High moderate	222
	Parsons [33]	NS		Weak	550
	Ramirez [71]	S (for 2/3 races)	− ( = −0.14 to −0.20)	Low moderate	337
Gender (n = 6 studies)	Blackmon [49]	NS		Weak	188
	Gittell [58]	NS		Low moderate	252
	Kuo [10]	NS		Low moderate	114
	Lerner [65]	NS		Low moderate	556
	McGilton [67]	NS		High moderate	222
	Parsons [33]	NS		Weak	550
() Education  (n = 17 studies)
Level of education/years Education (n = 10 studies)	Blackmon [49]	NS		Weak	188
	Choi [53]	NS		High moderate	2,254
	Friedman [56]	NS		High moderate	349
	Gittell [58]	NS		Low moderate	252
	Goldwasser [59]	S		Weak	27
	Grieshaber [60]	NS (urban)		Weak	79
	Grieshaber [60]	S (suburban)	− ( = −0.51)	Weak	79
	Kuo [10]	NS		Low moderate	114
	Lerner [65]	NS		Low moderate	556
	Parsons [33]	NS		Weak	550
	Walborn [79]	S	− ( = −0.274)	Weak	185
Special training (n = 8 studies)	Blackmon [49]	NS		Weak	188
	Braun [51]	S	+	Weak	105
	Ramirez [71]	S	− ( = −0.13)	Low moderate	337
	Resnick [72]	NS		Low moderate	13
	Simpson [73]	NS		High moderate	504
	Tannazzo [76]	NS		Low moderate	301
	Thompson [77]	NS		Weak	40
	Webb [80]	NS		Weak	178
() Healthcare provider characteristics (n = 18 studies)
Empowerment; (n = 5 studies)	Cready [54]; (autonomy in decision making and perceived meaningful work with a feeling of competence to do it)	S	+	Weak	434
	Gruss [61]; (perceived control and access to power within the organization)	S	+ ( = 0.46)	Low moderate	42
	Kostiwa [64]; (transfer of power to nonmanagement employees)	S	+ ( = 0.294)	Low moderate	60
	Kuo [10]; (perceived support, access to information and resources, opportunity to learn and grow, good relationships with staff)	S	+ ( = 0.366)	Low moderate	114
	Yeatts [55]; (autonomy in decision making and perceived meaningful work with competence to do it)	NS		Weak	Not reported
Years of experience (n = 5 studies)	McGilton [67]	NS		High moderate	222
	Lerner [65]	S	+ ( = 0.230)	Low moderate	114
	Ramirez [71]	NS		Low moderate	337
	Simpson [73]	NS		High moderate	504
	Walborn [79]	S	+ ( = 0.204)	Weak	185
Current position tenure (n = 3 studies)	Gittell [58]	NS		Low moderate	252
	Grieshaber [60]	NS (urban)		Weak	79
	Grieshaber [60]	S (suburban)	+ ( = 0.38)	Weak	79
	Liu [66]	S	− ( = −0.14)	High moderate	244
Employment status (rotating, part time, full time) (n = 4 studies)	Albanese [46]	NS		Weak	255
	Burgio [52]	S	= 6.38	Low moderate	178
	Liu [66]	S	− ( = −0.15)	High moderate	244
	McGilton [67]	NS		High moderate	222
Autonomy (n = 3 studies)	Allensworth-Davies [47]; (definition not reported)	S	+ ( = 0.23)	Weak	135
	Friedman [56] (opportunity to use their own judgment)	NS		High moderate	349
	Friedman [56] (opportunity to organize workload)	S	+ ( = 0.17)	High moderate	349
	Tyler [78]; (degree to which a job provides independence and discretion in scheduling work and determining ways to carry it out)	S		Low moderate/strong	1146
() Personal life (n = 4 studies)
Stress (n = 4 studies)	Albanese [46]	S	− ( = −0.37)	Weak	255
	McGilton [67]	S	− ( = −0.19)	High moderate	222
	Parmelee [68]	NS		High moderate	188
	Purk [70]	NS		Weak	34

: test statistic value not reported; : estimate of the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient; : in multiple regression, a standardized coefficient indicating the relative weight of a predictor variable.