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| Authors/study period/country | Study design | Study population | Risk of postpartum infection | Risk factors attributed | Statistical analysis done for |
|
| Knight et al./March 13, 2016—June 13, 2018, UK | Multicenter randomized clinical trial | 1715 trial and 1705 placebo group | 11% trial group and 18% placebo group | Operative vaginal deliveries (OVD) (forceps and vacuum) | Unadjusted risk ratio with 95% CI |
|
| Acosta et al./1986–2009 (study 1), Scotland | Case-control | 103 cases and 412 controls | Not reported | Obesity, age <25 years, OVD, multiparity, anemia, labor induction, CS, and preterm | AOR with 95% CI |
|
| Acosta et al./June 1, 2011—May 31, 2012 (study 2), UK | Case-control | 365 cases and 757 controls | Incidence of severe sepsis, 4.7 per 10,000 maternities | Black or other ethnic minority, primiparous, preexisting illness, or on antibiotics, OVD, and CS | AOR with 95% CI |
|
| Acosta et al./2005–2007 (study 3), USA | Retrospective cohort | 1598 women with sepsis | Incidence of all sepsis, 10 per 10,000 live births | PPH, hypertension, multiple birth, primiparous, black | AOR with 95% CI |
|
| Macleod et al./Oct 2004–Aug 2006/UK | Prospective cohort | 1366 | Perineal infection in episiotomy group 5.1% | Vacuum and forceps delivery with episiotomy | AOR with 95% CI |
|
| Kabiru et al./1980–1996/USA | Retrospective cohort | 6882 | 2.9% | Not reported | Unadjusted relative risk with 95% CI |
|
| Bailit et al./2008–2011/USA | Retrospective cohort | 2531 | 0.5% with OVD and 5.3% with CS | Strongly CS, weakly OVD | AOR with 95% CI |
|
| Muraca et al./2003–2013/Canada† | Retrospective cohort | 8184 OVD, 9300 CS | 0.8% with OVD and 1.4% with CS | CS | AOR with 95% CI |
|
| Muraca et al./2003–2013/Canada‡ | Retrospective cohort | 5705 OVD, 5734 CS | 0.9% with OVD and 2.0% with CS | CS | AOR with 95% CI |
|
| Son et al./4 years/USA | Retrospective analysis | 945 OVD, 285 repeat CS | Endometritis: 2.5% with OVD and 9.1% with CS | CS | AOR with 95% CI |
|
| Ducarme et al./Dec 2008–Oct2013/France | Prospective cohort | 2138 | 1.4% | Not tested specific to maternal infection | NA |
|
| Gommesen et al./Jul 2015–Jan 2018/Denmark | Prospective cohort | 400 | Infection: 5.8%; perineal wound dehiscence:15.3% | Episiotomy and obesity | AOR with 95% CI |
|
| Axelsson et al./2005–2012/Sweden | Retrospective cohort | 5,991 | Overall infection: 11.7% | CS, perineal tear, episiotomy, anemia, placenta removal, OVD | AOR with 95% CI |
|
| Lydon-Rochelle et al./1987–1996/USA | Retrospective cohort | 256,795 | Overall uterine infection rate: 3.5% | Strongly CS, weakly OVD | AOR with 95% CI |
|
| Liyu et al./1997–2001/Canada | Retrospective cohort | 900,108 | Major puerperal infection: 0.3% | Weakly with vacuum and a bit strongly with forceps and CS | AOR with 95% CI |
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