Midgut Volvulus: A Rare but Fatal Cause of Abdominal Pain in Pregnancy—How Can We Diagnose and Prevent Mortality?

Table 1

Cases of midgut volvulus in pregnancy (excluding puerperium) from 1990–2019.

Authors, year	Age (year)	Gestation (weeks)	Symptom duration	Method of diagnosis	Aetiology	Treatment	Maternal outcome (alive/deceased)	Foetal outcome (alive/demised)
Wax and Christie[4]	31	24	7 days	AXR	Adhesions from previous surgery	Adhesiolysis, no bowel resection	Alive	Demised
Matthews and Soper [3]	18	23	8 days	Surgery	Congenital gut malrotation	Small and large bowel resection	Alive	Demised
Kusnetzoff et al. [5]	30	35	1 day	AXR	Superior mesenteric thrombosis	Bowel resection and stoma	Deceased	Demised
Wheeler et al. [6]	29	28	ND	Surgery	ND	Bowel resection and anastomosis	Alive	Demised
Damore et al. [7]	27	26	>7 days	AXR	Congenital gut malrotation	Adhesiolysis, appendectomy	Alive	Alive
Ventura-Braswell et al. [8]	22	37	>2 days	Surgery	Congenital gut malrotation	Bowel resection and anastomosis	Alive	Alive
Dilbaz et al. [][9]	19	32	1 day	US + surgery	ND	Bowel resection and anastomosis	Alive	Alive
Biswas et al. [10]	20	31	>4 days	CT	Adhesions from previous surgery	Bowel resection and anastomosis	Alive	Alive
Mahdavi and Yunesi [11]	20	10	>2 days	Surgery	ND	Bowel resection and anastomosis	Alive	Demised
Kuwahata et al. [12]	32	39	4 days	CT	Adhesions from previous surgery	Bowel resection and anastomosis	Alive	Alive
Gaikwad et al. [13]	27	33	ND	CT	Superior mesenteric occlusion	Exploratory laparotomy, palliation	Deceased	Demised
Shui et al. [][14]	25	35	4 days	Surgery	Superior mesenteric thrombosis	Anticoagulation, no bowel resection	Alive	Alive
Siwatch et al. [15]	23	20	>2 days	CT	Congenital gut malrotation	Endoscopic decompression	Alive	Alive
Vassiliou et al. [16]	35	21	2 days	MRI	ND	Bowel resection and anastomosis	Alive	Alive
Sharma et al. [17]	28	9	3 days	Surgery	Congenital gut malrotation	Adhesiolysis, no bowel resection	Alive	Alive
Kouki et al. [18]	34	14	ND	MRI	Congenital gut malrotation	ND	ND	ND
Nameirakpam et al. [19]	35	32	2 days	Surgery	ND	Bowel resection and anastomosis	Alive	Demised
Hwang et al. [20]	22	38	9 hours	Surgery	Congenital gut malrotation	Bowel resection	Deceased	Alive
Cong et al. [2]	26	37	8 hours	Surgery	Adhesions from previous surgery	Adhesiolysis, no bowel resection	Alive	Alive
Webster et al. [1]	30	39	1 day	CT	Adhesions from previous surgery	Adhesiolysis, no bowel resection	Alive	Demised
Constanthin and Darouichi [21]	29	28	2 days	MRI	Adhesions from previous surgery	Adhesiolysis, no bowel resection	Alive	Alive
Antunes et al. [22]	38	27	ND	MRI	Congenital gut malrotation	Ladd’s procedure	Alive	Alive
Esterson et al. [23]	28	33	2 days	CT	Congenital gut malrotation	Adhesiolysis, no bowel resection	Alive	Alive

AXR: abdominal X-ray; CT: computed tomography; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; US: ultrasound; ND: not described.