Table 2A. Bivariate comparisons Characteristic Robson group 2 overall (n = 56) Robson group 2 vaginal birth (n = 35, 62.5%) Robson group 2 cesarean birth (n = 21, 37.5%) Sociodemographic Age in years, median (IQR) 21 (20, 24) 22 (20, 24) 20 (20, 24) 0.79a Missing 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) Education 0.49b Unable to read and write 5 (8.9%) 4 (11.4%) 1 (4.8%) Read and write only 2 (3.6%) 0 (0.0%) 2 (9.5%) Primary school 23 (41.1%) 14 (40.0%) 9 (42.9%) Secondary school 9 (16.1%) 6 (17.1%) 3 (14.3%) Higher education 17 (30.4%) 11 (31.4%) 6 (28.6%) Missing 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) Religion 0.23b Muslim 4 (7.1%) 1 (2.9%) 3 (14.3%) Orthodox Christian 25 (44.6%) 15 (42.9%) 10 (47.6%) Catholic Christian 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) Protestant 27 (48.2%) 19 (54.3%) 8 (38.1%) Jehovah’s witness 0 (0.0%) 1 (0.4%) 0 (0.0%) Missing 0 (0.0%) 1 (0.4%) 0 (0.0%) Relationship status 1.0b Single 2 (3.6%) 2 (5.7%) 0 (0.0%) Not single 53 (94.6%) 33 (94.3%) 20 (95.2%) Missing 1 (1.8%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (4.8%) Woreda 0.53c Urban 29 (51.8%) 17 (48.6%) 12 (57.1%) Rural 27 (48.2%) 18 (51.4%) 9 (42.9%) Missing 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) Number of prenatal visits 0.69a Median (IQR) 4 (3, 5) 4 (3, 5) 4 (4, 5)] Antepartum, labor, and delivery Transferred during labor 0.53c No 27 (48.2%) 18 (51.4%) 9 (42.9%) Yes 29 (51.8%) 17 (48.6%) 12 (57.1%) Missing 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) Cervical exam on admission 0.35a Median (IQR) 2 (0, 3) 3 (1, 4) 2 (0, 3) Duration of labor 0.007b Not applicable 5 (8.9%) 0 (0.0%) 5 (23.8%) <12 hours 26 (46.4%) 18 (51.4%) 8 (38.1%) 12–24 hours 18 (32.1%) 14 (40.0%) 4 (19.1%) 24+ hours 7 (12.5%) 3 (8.6%) 4 (19.1%) Missing 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) Antepartum hemorrhage 0.55b No 53 (94.6%) 34 (97.1%) 19 (90.5%) Yes 3 (5.4%) 1 (2.9%) 2 (9.5%) Missing 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) Antepartum preeclampsia/eclampsia/chronic hypertension 0.15b No 46 (82.1%) 31 (88.6%) 15 (71.4%) Yes 10 (17.9%) 4 (11.4%) 6 (28.6%) Missing 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.4%) 0 (0.0%) Birthweight (grams) 0.06c <2500 5 (8.9%) 1 (2.9%) 4 (19.1%) 51 (91.1%) 34 (97.1%) 17 (80.9%) Missing 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) Postpartum complications MATERNAL Postpartum blood transfusion 0.38b No 55 (98.2%) 35 (100.0%) 20 (95.2%) Yes 1 (1.8%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (4.8%) Missing 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) Postpartum antibiotics 0.001b No 45 (80.4%) 33 (94.3%) 12 (57.1%) Yes 11 (19.6%) 2 (5.7%) 9 (42.9%) Missing 0 (1.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (5.2%) Postpartum hypertensive treatment 0.35b No 51 (91.1%) 33 (94.3%) 18 (85.7%) Yes 5 (8.9%) 2 (5.7%) 3 (14.3%) Missing 0 (1.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (5.2%) NEONATAL Five-minute Apgar score median (IQR) 9 (8, 9) 9 (8, 9) 8 (7, 8) <0.001a Missing 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) Stillbirth 0.38b Yes, fresh 1 (1.8%) 0 (0.0%) 1 (4.8%) Yes, macerated 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) No 55 (98.2%) 35 (100.0%) 20 (95.2%) Missing 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) Antibiotics 1.0b No 55 (98.2%) 34 (97.1%) 21 (100.0%) Yes 1 (1.8%) 1 (2.9%) 0 (0.0%) Missing 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) 0 (0.0%) Neonate status on day of discharge 0.55b Dead 3 (5.4%) 1 (2.9%) 2 (9.5%) Alive 53 (94.6%) 34 (97.1%) 19 (90.5%) Missing 0 (0.3%) 35 (0.4%) 0 (0.0%) Table 2B. Multivariable model of characteristics associated with cesarean birth and association of cesarean birth with pregnancy outcomes 2B1. Multivariable Poisson model with robust error variance of characteristics associated with cesarean birth Characteristic RR CI Compared to less than 12 hours of labor Not applicable 2.9 1.5, 5.4 0.001 2B2. Individual logistic regressions, adjusted for significant findings in (2B1) to determine association of cesarean birth (CB) with outcomes significant in bivariate comparisons (2A) Maternal outcomes OR CI Odds of requiring postpartum antibiotics after CB 11.1 1.9, 64.9 0.008 Neonatal outcomes OR CI Odds of having a higher Apgar score after CB 0.75 0.04, 15.2 0.85
