Group 1: intervention, n = 95/100 Group 2: intervention, n = 93/100 Group 3: control, n = 95/100
Healthy primiparous women Setting: hospital
Postpartum (individual class) Telephone = no Theory = no
Group 1: one session, direct face-to-face educational program (20 min) Group 2: one session, indirect educational program using video CD + pamphlet (30 min) Group 3: routine care
Up to 3 months after childbirth
Breastfeeding self-efficacy tools: Dennis breastfeeding self-efficacy (33 items)
Three months after childbirth, a significant difference was observed between the three groups in the mean of breastfeeding self-efficacy (). But there was not a significant difference between each intervention groups compared to control group ().
Group 1: intervention, n = 45 Group 2: intervention, n = 45 Group 3: control, n = 46
Healthy primiparous women Setting: hospital
Postpartum (individual class) Telephone = no Theory = no
Group 1: one session direct face-to-face educational program (20–40 min) Group 2: one session indirect educational program using the images Group 3: routine care
After three-stage follow-up, a significant difference was observed between the three groups in the mean of breastfeeding self-efficacy (). The highest mean was for the indirect educational group
Group 1: intervention, n = 52 Group 2: control, n = 55
Healthy primiparous women Setting: public health center
Pregnancy (group class) Telephone = no Theory = no
Group 1: two sessions (one session in third trimester and one session after child birth. Peer education method was held using lecture and group discussion approach Group 2: routine care
Up to 8 weeks after child birth
Breastfeeding self-efficacy tools: Dennis breastfeeding self-efficacy (14 items)
Eight weeks after childbirth, a significant difference was observed between the two groups in the mean of breastfeeding self-efficacy ().
Group 1: intervention, n = 35/35 Group 2: control, n = 36/36
Healthy primiparous women Setting: hospital
Pregnancy (group class) Telephone = yes Theory = yes
Group1: one session a self-efficacy-based breastfeeding, educational program was held as a workshop + two telephone call after childbirth (30–60 mn) Group 2: routine care
Up to 2 weeks after child birth
Breastfeeding self-efficacy tools: Dennis breastfeeding self-efficacy (14 items)
Two weeks after childbirth, a significant difference was observed between the two groups in the mean of breastfeeding self-efficacy ().
Group 1: intervention n = 57/59 Group 2: control, n = 55/59
Healthy pregnancy Setting: hospitals and community center
Pregnancy (group class) Telephone = yes Theory = no
Group 1: three-session educational program was held. In 28–39 gestational weeks, before discharge, and phone call 48–72 hours after childbirth Group 2: usual care
4 and 8 weeks and 6 months after child birth
Breastfeeding self-efficacy tools: Dennis breastfeeding self-efficacy (14 items)
After three-stage follow-up, there was no significant difference between the two groups on BSES ().
Group 1: intervention, n = 52/65 Group 2: control, n = 54/65
Healthy pregnancy Setting: public health center
Pregnancy (group class) Telephone = no Theory = yes
Group 1: two-session self-efficacy-based educational program was held with two-day interval, each session lasting for 60–90 min + booklet + video Group 2: routine care
Up to two months after child birth
Breastfeeding self-efficacy tools: Dennis breastfeeding self-efficacy (14 items)
Two months after childbirth, there was a significant difference between two groups regarding self-efficacy mean ().
Group 1: intervention, n = 33/35 Group 2: control, n = 32/35
Healthy primiparous women Setting: public clinics, home visit
Pregnancy (individual class) Telephone = yes Theory = no
Group 1: 3-session educational program was held per week in their house + an educational pamphlet + one visit home after childbirth Group 2: routine care
1,2, and 6 weeks after childbirth
Breastfeeding self-efficacy tools: Dennis breastfeeding self-efficacy (14 items)
After three-stage follow-up, there was a significant difference between the two groups ().
Group 1: intervention, n = 33 Group 2: control, n = 33
Healthy pregnancy Setting: Public health center
Pregnancy (individual class) Telephone = yes Theory = no
Group 1: two-session couple educational program with 4-week interval + telephone call over study time. Training package included prenatal and postnatal care and lactation Group 2: routine care
Up to one month after child birth
Breastfeeding self-efficacy tools: Dennis breastfeeding self-efficacy (14 items)
One month after childbirth, there was a significant difference between two groups regarding self-efficacy mean ().
Group 1: intervention, n = 129/136 Group 2: intervention, n = 103/128 Group 3: control group, n = 123/136
Healthy primiparous women Setting: hospitals
Pregnancy (individual class) Telephone = yes Theory = no
Group 1: three-session educational program included breastfeeding and parenting booklet + four proactive telephone calls (one session in pregnancy and three after delivery, at 2, 6, and 10 weeks) Group 2: one-session educational program included pregnancy booklet + four proactive telephone calls (one in pregnancy and three after delivery, at 2, 6, and 10 weeks) Group 3: routine care
Up to 3 months
Breastfeeding self-efficacy tools: Dennis breastfeeding self-efficacy (14 items)
Three months after childbirth, there was a significant difference between three groups regarding self-efficacy mean ().
Group 1: intervention, n = 45 Group 2: control, n = 45
Healthy primiparous women Setting: public health center
Pregnancy (group class) Telephone = no Theory = yes
Group 1: one-session self-efficacy-based educational program was held using lectures, role playing, posters, and CD + health literacy Group 2: routine care
Up to 3 months
Breastfeeding self-efficacy tools: Dennis breastfeeding self-efficacy (33 items)
Three months after childbirth, a significant difference was observed between the two groups in the mean of breastfeeding self-efficacy ().
Group 1: intervention, n = 39/66 Group 2: control, n = 38/66
Healthy pregnancy Setting: hospital
Postpartum period (individual class) Telephone = yes Theory = no
Group 1: one-session face-to-face educational program + three telephone calls in 7, 15, and 30 days after discharge (70 min) Group 2: routine care
2 and 4 months after child birth
Breastfeeding self-efficacy tools: Dennis breastfeeding self-efficacy (14 items)
After two months, there was no significant difference between the two groups on BSES (). After four months, there was a significant difference between the groups ().
Group 1: intervention, n = 54/101 Group 2: control, n = 42/100
Healthy pregnancy Setting: hospital
Postpartum period (individual class) Telephone = yes Theory = no
Group 1: three-session educational program using flip chart in 6 hours postpartum, before discharge, and 2 months after child birth by telephone contact Group 2: routine care
Up to 2 months
Breastfeeding self-efficacy tools: Dennis breastfeeding self-efficacy (14 items)
After two months, there was a significant difference between the two groups ().
Group 1: intervention, n = 50/63 Group 2: control, n = 53/63
Healthy pregnancy Setting: hospital
Pregnancy (individual class) Telephone = yes Theory = no
Group 1: 11-session peer educational program was held, one session 28th weeks of pregnancy, one session within 3 to 5 days after delivery, weekly to 1 month, every 2 weeks up to 3 months, and once at 4 months using telephone call Group 2: routine care
Up to 6 weeks after child birth
Breastfeeding self-efficacy tools: Dennis breastfeeding self-efficacy (14 items)
After six weeks, there was no significant difference between the two groups on BSES ().
Group 1: intervention 56/60 Group 2: control, n = 54/60
Healthy primiparous women Setting: prenatal clinics
Pregnancy (group class) Telephone = no Theory = yes
Group 1: two-session group-based educational program was held + booklet and images + sending biweekly text messages up to 8 weeks after childbirth Group 2: routine care
Up to 8 weeks
Breastfeeding self-efficacy tools: Dennis breastfeeding self-efficacy (14 items)
After 8 weeks, a significant difference was observed between the two groups in the mean of breastfeeding self-efficacy ().
Group 1: intervention, n = 31 Group 2: control, n = 30
Healthy pregnancy Setting: obstetric clinic
Pregnancy (individual class) Telephone = yes Theory = no
Group 1: bilingual Spanish-English educational program was held in three sessions (2 hours) + telephone support weekly for the first 4 weeks and then biweekly for up to 12 weeks after child birth Group 2: routine care
Up to 12 weeks after child birth
Breastfeeding self-efficacy tools: Dennis breastfeeding self-efficacy (14 items)
After 12 weeks, a significant difference was observed between the two groups in the mean of breastfeeding self-efficacy ().
Group 1: intervention, n = 45 Group 2: control, n = 45
Healthy primiparous women Setting: health centers
Pregnancy (group class) Telephone = yes Theory = yes
Group 1: two educational programs were held in a week using video (90–80 min) + home visit in 1, 4, and 8 weeks or telephone call Group 2: standard care
1, 4, and 8 weeks after child birth
Breastfeeding self-efficacy tools: Dennis breastfeeding self-efficacy (14 items)
After 1, 4, and 8 weeks, a significant difference was observed between the two groups in the mean of breastfeeding self-efficacy ().
Group 1: intervention, n = 61/68 Group 2: control, n = 73/81
Healthy primiparous women Setting: hospital
Postpartum period (individual class) Telephone = yes Theory = yes
Group 1: two-session educational program based on self-efficacy theory was conducted in hospital, and one session was conducted by telephone within 1 week of discharge from hospital Group 2: standard care
4 and 8 weeks after child birth
Breastfeeding self-efficacy tools: Dennis breastfeeding self-efficacy (14 items)
After 4 and 8 weeks, there was no significant difference between the two groups on BSES ().
Group 1: intervention, n = 41/48 Group 2: control, n = 42/49
Healthy primiparous women Setting: hospital
Pregnancy (individual class) Telephone = yes Theory = no
Group 1: twelve educational programs were held (2 sessions during pregnancy per week + 1, 2, and 3 days after birth + 7 days, 1 month, 6 weeks, and 3 and 6 months at home with telephone call Group 2: usual care
At discharge and 6 weeks after child birth
Breastfeeding self-efficacy tools: Dennis breastfeeding self-efficacy (14 items)
At discharge, there was no significant difference between the two groups on BSES (). After 6 weeks, a significant difference was observed between the two groups in the mean of breastfeeding self-efficacy ().
Group 1: Intervention, n = 32/36 Group 2: intervention, n = 32/36 Group 3: control, n = 31/32
Healthy primiparous women Setting: health centers
Pregnancy (individual class) Telephone = yes Theory = no
Group 1: peer support training was held in four sessions. One session was face to face in 36–38 weeks, and three sessions were done using telephone call in 1, 2, and 3 weeks after child birth Group 2: provider training was held in four sessions. Two sessions were face to face, and the next two sessions were held in the 1 and 3 weeks after child birth by telephone call Group 3: standard care
8 weeks after child birth
Breastfeeding self-efficacy tools: Dennis breastfeeding self-efficacy (14 items)
After 8 weeks, there was no significant difference between the three groups on BSES (). BSES at the end of the eighth week was significantly increased in peer support compared to provider groups ().
Group 1: intervention, n = 88 Group 2: intervention, n = 88 Group 3: control, n = 88
Healthy primiparous women Setting: health centers
Pregnancy individually + small group class) Telephone = no Theory = no
Group 1: direct face-to face-individually educational program in three sessions using lecture, discussion, and role playing approach Group 2: small group educational program was held in three sessions Group 3: routine care
After last session of education and after child birth
Breastfeeding self-efficacy tools: Dennis breastfeeding self-efficacy (14 items)
After last session of education and after child birth, there was a significant difference between three groups in the mean of breastfeeding self-efficacy ().
Pregnancy (individual class) Telephone = no Theory = yes
Groups 1 and 2: self-efficacy workbook in six sections was completed by women Groups 3 and 4: routine care
At discharge and 4 weeks after child birth
Breastfeeding self-efficacy tools: Dennis breastfeeding self-efficacy (14 items)
After controlling for potential confounding factors and time, the intervention resulted in an increase in the BSES-SF total score through 4 weeks postpartum in BFHs (), but it had no effect on breastfeeding self-efficacy ).
Group 1: intervention n = 40 Group 2: control n = 40
Healthy primiparous women Setting: hospital
Pregnancy (individual class) Telephone = no Theory = yes
Group 1: six-session educational program using problem solving Group 2: routine care
After last session of education and 3 months after child birth
Tools: Dennis breastfeeding self-efficacy (33 items)
After last session of education and after child birth, there was a significant difference between two groups in the mean of breastfeeding self-efficacy ().
Group 1: intervention n = 70 Group 2: intervention n = 70 Group 3: control n = 70
Healthy primiparous women Setting: health center
Pregnancy (group class) Telephone = yes Theory = no
Group 1: a motivational interview was held preweek in five sessions + three sessions of telephone counseling in 3–5 days, 1 and 4 months after discharge + telegram chat Group 2: one session of lecture (2 hours) + question and answer panel Group 3: routine care
2, 4, and 6 months after child birth
Tools: Dennis breastfeeding self-efficacy (14 items)
In the lecture and control group, there was a significant increase until the second month (), and self-efficacy decreased in months 4 and 6 compared to the second months ().
Group 1: intervention n = 76 Group 2: control n = 69
Participant healthy pregnancy Setting: health center
Pregnancy individual class Telephone = yes Theory = no
Group 1: educational program based on the maternal infant health outreach worker (MIHOW) model by peer mentors (40 h) Group 2: routine care (a minimal education intervention MEI)
2 weeks and 2 and 6 months after childbirth
Tools: Dennis breastfeeding self-efficacy (14 items)
After three-stage follow-up, there was a significant difference between the two groups ().
Group 1: intervention, n = 44 Group 2: control, n = 45
Healthy pregnancy Setting: health center
Pregnancy (individual class) Telephone = no Theory = yes
Group 1: four-session educational program using a theory-based booklet and pre- and postnatal home visits (2 sessions of face to face and one session as a home visit in prenatal + 1 session home visit in postnatal) Group 2: routine care
3 months after child birth
Tools: Dennis breastfeeding self-efficacy (14 items)
A statistically significant difference was observed between 8 months of pregnancy and 3 months postpartum in which self-efficacy expectation increased in both groups ().
Group 1: intervention, n = 41 Group 2: control, n = 39
Healthy primiparous women Setting: hospital
Postpartum group class Telephone = yes Theory = yes
Group 1: the intervention was a 2.5-hour prenatal breastfeeding workshop designed using Bandura’s theory of self-efficacy and adult learning principles Group 2: routine care
4 and 8 weeks after childbirth
Tools: Dennis breastfeeding self-efficacy (14 items)
After 4 weeks, there was a significant difference between the two groups (). After 8 weeks, no significant difference was observed between the two groups ().
Group 1: intervention, n = 33 Group 2: control, n = 15
Healthy primiparous women Setting: health
Pregnancy individual
Group 1: one-session educational program based on Pender’s health promotion model (HPM) and support after child birth during the follow-up period Group 2: standard care
2 weeks after child birth
Tools: Dennis breastfeeding self-efficacy (14 items) 2 weeks
After 2 weeks, there was a significant difference between the two groups().
Group 1: intervention, n = 56 Group 2: control, n = 56
Participant: healthy pregnancy
Pregnancy (individual class)
Group 1: two-session educational program was held using videos and images. It can be accessed by website with connecting Internet by computers or smart phones or any device + one notification text massage with mobile 3 days after last educational program Group 2: routine care
Up two weeks after child birth
Tools: Dennis breastfeeding self-efficacy (14 items)
After adjusting for preintervention scores, there was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups on postintervention scores on BSES ().
