Insulin Resistance, Ceramide Accumulation, and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Human Chronic Alcohol-Related Liver Disease
Figure 4
Effects of chronic ALD on hepatic ER stress gene activation. RNA extracted from livers of control and chronic ALD subjects (/group) was reverse transcribed, and the cDNAs were used to measure gene expression by duplex qPCR assays in which the gene of interest was coamplified with hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) as control (see Section 2 and Table 1). Graphs depict relative levels of gene expression for (a) BAX, (b) ER degradation-enhancing α-mannosidase-like protein (EDEM), (c) C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), (d) inhibitor of interferon-induced and double stranded RNA activated kinase (p58IPK), (e) glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78), (f) activating transcription factor-4 (ATF-4), (g) homocysteine-responsive endoplasmic reticulum-resident ubiquitin-like domain member 1 (HERP), and (h) tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (WARS). Intergroup comparisons were made using Student’s -tests. Significant values are shown over the graphs.
