Preclinical and Clinical Evidence of Antioxidant Effects of Antidepressant Agents: Implications for the Pathophysiology of Major Depressive Disorder

Table 4

Antidepressant treatment and oxidative stress markers in major depressive disorder.

Sample (F/M)	Altered oxidative stress markers in MD^a	Treatment duration	Antidepressant drugs tested	Effect for antidepressants	Reference
34/28	↑MDA ↑SOD ↓VitC	4 weeks and 12 weeks	Citalopram (𝑛=30), fluoxetine (𝑛=32)	↓MDA ↓SOD ↑VitC (effects in both 4 and 12 weeks treatment)	Khanzode et al., 2003 [27]
72/24	↑MDA ↑SOD ↓TAC ↑VitE	6 weeks	Reboxetine, sertraline, venlafaxine	No effects	Sarandol et al., 2007 [28]
19/17	↑XO ↓SOD	8 weeks	Citalopram (𝑛=10), fluoxetine (𝑛=11),	↓XO ↑SOD ↓nitrite
			fluvoxamine (𝑛=7), sertraline (𝑛=8)		Herken et al., 2007 [29]
21/9	↑MDA ↑SOD ↑GPx ↑GR	12 weeks	Citalopram (𝑛=5), fluoxetine (𝑛=7), fluvoxamine (𝑛=5), sertraline (𝑛=13)	↓MDA ↓SOD ↓GPx ↓GR	Bilici et al., 2001 [30]
28/22	↑MDA ↑SOD ↑CAT ↓TAC	12 weeks	Fluoxetine (𝑛=50)	↓MDA	Galecki et al., 2009 [48]
46/11	↓TAC ↑TOS ↑OSI	12 weeks	Escitalopram (𝑛=10), paroxetine (𝑛=20), sertraline (𝑛=27)	↑TAC ↓TOS ↓OSI	Cumurcu et al., 2009 [32]
39/11	↑MDA ↑OxLDL ↑SOD	24 weeks	Citalopram (𝑛=3), escitalopram (𝑛=8), fluoxetine (𝑛=1), milnacipran (𝑛=2), moclobemide (𝑛=1), paroxetine (𝑛=8), sertraline (𝑛=5), tianeptine (𝑛=1), venlafaxine (𝑛=21)	↓MDA ↓SOD ↓TAC	Kotan et al., 2011 [33]
20/15	↓CoQ10	? weeks	? (𝑛=15)	No effects*	Maes et al., 2009 [34]
5/2	↑XO	Post-mortem study	SSRI (𝑛=4), TCA (𝑛=1)	No effects^#	Michel et al., 2010 [35]
6/9	↓GPx ↓GSH	Post-mortem study	Trazodone (𝑛=1), nefazodone (𝑛=2, one together SSRI), TCA and/or SSRI (𝑛=7)	No effects^#	Gawryluk et al., 2011 [31]
	↓GST	Post-mortem study		No effects*	Gawryluk et al., 2011 [36]

Sample (female/male) from MD group; ^aCompared to respective control group. *Compared to unmedicated MD group; ^#speculative. CAT, catalase; CoQ10, coenzyme Q-10; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GSH, glutathione; GST, glutathione S-transferase; MDA, malondialdehyde; OSI, oxidative stress index; OxLDL, oxidized LDL; SOD, superoxide dismutase; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; TCA, tricyclic or tetracyclic antidepressant; TOS, total oxidant status; VitC, vitamin C; VitE, vitamin E; XO, xanthine oxidase.