| Model | Age (mo.) | Marker for oxidative stress | Sampled region | Technique | Outcome (versus control) | References |
| DJ-1 KO | 5, 11 | Protein oxidation | Entire brain | Oxyblot | ↔ | [93] |
| DJ-1 KO | 2-3,18–24 | Protein oxidation | Entire brain | Oxyblot | ↔ | [94] | | | Mitochondrial ROS | Entire brain | Amplex red assay | ↑ | | | | Mitochondrial aconitase activity | Entire brain | Mitochondrial aconitase activity assay | ↓ at 2-3 mo., ↔ at 18–24 mo. | |
| DJ-1 KO | 24–27 | DNA/RNA oxidation | SN | IHC | ↔ | [95] | | | Nitrotyrosine | SN | IHC | ↔ | | | | 4-HNE | SN | IHC | ↔ | |
| DJ-1 KO | 1 | Mitochondrial ROS | SN | 2PLSM | ↑ | [96] | | | Mn-SOD | SN | RT-qPCR | ↔ | | | | GPx | SN | RT-qPCR | ↔ | | | | Catalase | SN | RT-qPCR | ↔ | |
| DJ-1 KO | 4–6 | Mitochondrial ROS | Entire brain | PHPA assay | ↑ | [97] |
| Parkin KO | 22 | Protein oxidation | Striatum, cortex | Oxyblot | ↔ | [98] |
| Parkin KO | 11 | Total GSH | Striatum | Method of Tietze | ↑ | [99] | | | GSSH | Striatum | Method of Griffith | ↔ | |
| Parkin KO | 8 | Peroxiredoxin 1 | Ventral midbrain | 2DGE + MS | ↓ | [100] | | | Peroxiredoxin 2 | Ventral midbrain | 2DGE + MS | ↓ | | | | Peroxiredoxin 6 | Ventral midbrain | 2DGE + MS | ↓ | | | | Lactoylglutathione lyase | Ventral midbrain | 2DGE + MS | ↓ | | | 3, 6, 18 | 4-HNE | Brain | IHC | ↔ at 3 or 6 mo., ↑ at 18 mo. | | | 5–12 | Total antioxidant capacity | Serum | Serum antioxidant capacity assay | ↓ | | | 3, 18–20 | Protein oxidation | Entire brain | Oxyblot | ↔ at 3 mo., ↑ at 18–20 mo. | |
| Parkin KO | 2, 12 | Mitochondrial aconitase | Striatum, cortex | 2DGE + MS | ↑ in cortex at 2 mo. | [101] | | | GSH S-transferase P 2 | Striatum, cortex | 2DGE + MS | ↓ in striatum and cortex at 2 mo. | | | | Carbonyl reductase [NADPH] 1 | Striatum, cortex | 2DGE + MS | ↑ in striatum at 2 mo. | | | | Lactoylglutathione lyase | Striatum, cortex | 2DGE + MS | ↑ in striatum at 2 mo. | | | | Thioredoxin reductase | Striatum, cortex | 2DGE + MS | ↑ in striatum at 2 mo. | | | | Protein oxidation | Striatum, cortex | Oxyblot | ↔ | |
| Parkin KO | 2, 24 | Total GSH | Striatum, midbrain, limbic system | Method of Tietze | ↑ at 2 mo., ↓ at 24 mo. | [102] | | | GSH reductase activity | Striatum, midbrain, limbic system | GSH reductase activity assay | ↔ (within KO group, ↑ at 24 mo. versus 2 mo.) | | | | GPx activity | Striatum, midbrain, limbic system | Method of Flohe and Gunzler | ↔ (within KO group, ↑ at 24 mo. versus 2 mo.) | | | | Catalase activity | Striatum, midbrain, limbic system | Reaction with methanol in presence of H2O2 | ↔ | |
| Parkin KO | 19–21 | Nitrotyrosine | SN | ELISA | ↑ | [103] | | | Nitrated α-synuclein | SN | IHC | Only KO stain positive | |
| PINK1 KO | 3-4 | Lipid peroxidation | Striatum, cortex | TBARS levels | ↔ | [29] | | 24 | Protein oxidation | Striatum | Oxyblot | ↔ | | | | 4-HNE | SN | IHC | ↔ | | | | Mitochondrial ROS | Striatum, cortex | Amplex red assay | ↔ | | | 22–24 | Mn-SOD | Striatum | WB | ↔ | | | | CuZn-SOD | Striatum | WB | ↔ | | | | Catalase | Striatum | WB | ↔ | | | | G6-PDH | Striatum | WB | ↔ | |
| PINK1 KO | 2 | Mitochondrial ROS | | DCF assay | ↔ | [104] |
| PINK1 KO | 4 | GSH synthetase | Striatum, midbrain, cortex | 2DGE + MS | ↑ in cortex and striatum | [28] | | | Peroxiredoxin 1 | Striatum, midbrain, cortex | 2DGE + MS | ↑ in cortex | | | | Protein oxidation | Striatum, midbrain, cortex | Oxyblot | ↔ | |
| PINK1 KO | 2-3 | 4-HAE | Left ventricle | MDA/4-HAE kit | ↑ | [105] | | | 8-OHdG | Left ventricle | 8-OHdG kit | ↑ | | | | GSH/GSSG | Left ventricle | GSH/GSSG kit | ↓ | | | | SOD activity | Left ventricle | SOD activity kit | ↓ | | | | Aconitase activity | Left ventricle | Aconitase activity kit | ↓ | |
| SNCA KO | N.R. | Hydroxyl radicals | Striatum | 4-HBA trapping | ↔ | [106] |
| SNCA OExp A30P | N.R. | Oxidized/nitrated α-syn | Brain | IHC | Only OExp stain positive | [107] |
| SNCA OExp A30P | 6–14 | Protein oxidation | Entire brain | 2DGE + WB | ↑ (oxidized mitochondrial proteins Car2, Eno1, Ldh2) | [108] |
| SNCA OExp A53T | 12 | Oxidized α-syn | Spinal cord, locus coeruleus | IHC | OExp stain positive | [109] | | | Nitrated α-syn | Pons | IHC | OExp stain positive | |
| SNCA OExp A53T | N.R. | Mitochondrial DNA damage | Brainstem, neocortex, spinal cord | TUNEL technique | ↑ | [110] | | | Nitrated α-syn | Spinal cord | IHC | OExp stain positive | |
| SNCA OExp A53T A30P | 3, 6 | GPx 3 | Striatum | Microarray | ↓ | [111] | | | SOD 2 | Striatum | Microarray | ↓ | |
| SNCA OExp WT | 12 | Oxidized α-syn | Entire brain | WB | ↑ | [112] |
|
|
Abbreviations: 2DGE: 2D gelelectrophoresis, 2-HBA: salicylate, 4-HNE: 4-hydroxynonenal, 4-HAE: 4-hydroxyalkenal, 8-OhdG: 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, α-syn: α-synuclein, GPx: GSH peroxidase, GSH: glutathion, GSSH: oxidized glutathion, H2O2: hydrogen peroxide, IHC: immunohistochemistry, IF: immunofluorescence, KO: knockout, mo: months, MS: mass spectrometry, OExp: overexpression, PHPA: p-hydroxyphenylacetate, ROS: reactive oxygen species, SN: substantia nigra, SOD: sodium dismutase, WB: Western blot, WT: wildtype, ↑: increased, ↓: decreased, ↔: not different.
|