Dual Phases of Respiration Chain Defect-Augmented mROS-Mediated mCa²⁺ Stress during Oxidative Insult in Normal and ρ⁰ RBA1 Astrocytes

Figure 1

ρ ⁰ (RC-lacking) RBA1 astrocytes exhibited lower RC activities. RC activities are indicated by O₂ consumption and ATP production. In comparison, ρ ⁰ astrocytes consumed O₂ slower than control cells. Moreover, O₂ consumption compromised significantly during long-term oxidative stress in ρ ⁰ astrocytes.