Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Parkinson’s Disease: The Role of HRD1 in Averting Apoptosis in Neurodegenerative Disease

Figure 2

Mechanism of the ERAD system. Unfolded proteins are retrotranslocated from the ER to the cytosol through the translocon. Substrates are then polyubiquitinated by E1, E2, E3, and other components and are subsequently degraded by the 26S proteasome, resulting in cell survival. HRD1 and SEL1L are components of the ERAD system that colocalize in the ER and interact with one another. HRD1 has E3 activity, and SEL1L regulates E3 activity and HRD1 stability.