| | Cell type | Mechanism | References |
| | Breast | | | | Blueberry | ↑Mammary branching, ↑PTEN, ↓mitotic rate | Wu et al. [15] | | ↓Proliferation | Seeram et al. [16],
Boivin et al. [17] | | ↓Proliferation, ↓PI3K/AkT/NK-κB, ↓MMP, ↓Ki-67, ↑caspase 3 | Adams et al. [18] | | ↓Cell viability | Remsberg et al. [12] | | Pterostilbene | ↓Cell viability, ↑apoptosis, ↑mitochondrial depolarization, ↑superoxide anion, ↑caspase 3/7 | Alosi et al. [19] | | ↑Caspase 3/7, ↑S phase, ↑superoxide anion, ↓cell viability, ↑apoptosis Synergistic inhibition with Tamoxifen | Mannal et al. [20] | ↑Apoptosis, ↑caspase 3, ↑GPx, ↑Bax, ↑p53, ↓Bcl-2, ↓Akt, ↓MMP
↑Autophagy, ↓mitotic and metastatic potential | Chakraborty et al. [21, 22] | | ↑Bax, ↑cytochrome C, ↑Smac/Diablo, ↑MnSOD | Moon et al. [23] |
| | Cardiovascular | | | | Blueberry | ↑Mitochondrial depolarization threshold, ↓myocardial infarction size ↑Ejection fraction | Ahmet et al. [30] | | ↑SOD1, ↑SOD2, ↑GSR, ↑TR-1, ↓atherosclerosis lesion | Wu et al. [31] | | Pterostilbene | ↓ROS in HMVECs | Youdim et al. [32] | | ↓Proliferation, ↓Akt, ↓CDK, ↓cyclin, ↓Rb, ↓PCNA in VSMCs | Park et al. [33] | | ↓oxLDL-induced apoptosis, ↓oxidative stress, ↓MMP, ↓Caspase 3/9 ↑Autophagy, ↓LOX-1 signaling ↓NF-κB, ↓Bax and p53 in VECs | Zhang et al. [34, 35] | | ↓ACE activity, ↓LH in smokers | McAnulty et al. [39] |
| | Esophagus | | | | Blueberry | ↑Antioxidant activity, ↓IL-5, ↓GRO/KC | Stoner et al. [41] |
| | Stomach | | | | Blueberry | ↓Proliferation | Boivin et al. [17] | | Pterostilbene | ↓Proliferation, ↑apoptosis, ↑cytochrome C, ↑caspases 1, 2, 3, 8 and 9 ↓Bcl-XL, ↑Bad, ↑Bax | Pan at el. [43] |
| | Colon | | | | Blueberry | ↓Proliferation | Seeram et al. [16],
Boivin et al. [17] | | Pterostilbene | ↓Cell viability | Remsberg et al. [12] | | ↓Aberrant crypt foci, ↓iNOS, ↓COX-2, ↑MUC-2 | Suh et al. [46] | ↓Aberrant crypt foci, ↓lymphoid nodules, ↓NF-κB
↓iNOS, ↓COX-2, ↑HO-1, ↑GR, ↓Aldose reductase | Chiou et al. [47] | | ↓Tumor volume, ↓NF-κB, ↓Bcl-2, ↑Bax, ↑Bak, ↑Bad ↑Bid, ↑SOD2 ↑catalase, ↑GPx, ↑GR, ↑TR-1, synergistic inhibition with FOLFOX | Priego et al. [48] |
| | Hematology | | | | Blueberry | ↓ROS | Youdim et al. [51] | | Pterostilbene | ↓AAPH-induced hemolysis, ↓GSH depletion, ↓lipid peroxidation | Mikstacka et al. [52] |
| | Liver | | | | Blueberry | ↑ Nqo1, ↑SOD, ↑GST, ↑Nrf-2, ↓MDA, ↓HA, ↓ALT
↑Nrf-2, ↑Nqo1, ↑HO-1, ↑T-lymphocytes | Wang et al. [55, 56] | | ↓ALT, ↓bilirubin, ↑GSH, ↓TNF-α, ↓IL-1β, ↓lipid peroxidation | Osman et al. [57] | | ↓Proliferation of hepatic cancer cells | Schmidt et al. [58] | | Pterostilbene | Protect gap junctional intercellular communication
↑Dephosphorylation of Cx43 | Kim et al. [59] | | ↓Proliferation of hepatic cancer cells | Remsberg et al. [12] | | ↓Cell viability, ↑antioxidant activity | Hasiah et al. [60] | ↓Micrometastasis↓PI3K, ↓Akt, ↓NF-κB, ↓MMP-9, ↓VEGF, ↓EGF
↓Lung metastasis | Pan et al. [61]
|
| | Pancreas | | | | Pterostilbene | ↓Cell viability, ↑apoptosis, ↑caspase 3/7, G0/G and S phase arrest | Mannal et al. [63] | | ↓Tumor volume, ↑apoptosis gene expression, ↑cytochrome C, ↑MnSOD ↑Smac/DIABLO, ↓JAK/STAT3, ↓lipase secretion, ↓IL-1β, ↓IL-6 | McCormack et al. [64, 70] | | Synergistic inhibition of cancer proliferation with antioxidant EGCG | Kostin et al. [69] |
| | Metabolic | | | | Diabetes | | | | Blueberry | ↑SOD, ↑GPx, ↓HbA1c | Nemes-Nagy et al. [77] | | Pterocarpus marsupium | ↓Hyperinsulinemia, ↓hypertriglyemia, ↓hyperglycemia | Grover et al. [73] | | Pterostilbene | ↓Plasma glucose, ↓rat body weight | Manickam et al. [74] | ↑Plasma insulin, ↓plasma glucose, ↓HbA1c, ↓glucose-6-phosphatase
↓Fructose-1, 6-biphosphatase, ↑hexokinase, comparable to metformin | Pari and Satheesh [75] | ↓Oxidative stress, ↑GSH, ↑GST, ↑SOD, ↑GPx, ↑catalase
↓Portal triad inflammation, ↓renal damage | Satheesh and Pari [76] |
| | Hyperlipidemia | | | | Pterostilbene | ↓Preadipocyte growth, ↓fat droplet formation, ↓triacylglycerol | Hsu et al. [78] | | ↑Adiponectin, ↓leptin, ↓LDL, ↑HDL, ↓PPAR-γ, ↓C/EBP-α, ↓resistin ↓FAS, comparable to clofibrate | Rimando et al. [79] |
| | Neurology | | | | Blueberry | ↑Maze performance, ↓amyloid beta burden, ↓CREB, ↓pPKCγ | Joseph et al. [84, 85] | | ↑GABA potentiation, ↑GSH | Bickford et al. [86] | | ↑Object memory recognition | Malin et al. [87] | | ↑Maze performance | Andres-Lacueva et al. [88] | | ↑Hippocampal plasticity, ↓IGF-1, ↓IGF-2, ↓ERK | Casadesus et al. [89] | | Pterostilbene | ↓Ischemic brain damage | Sweeney et al. [90] | | ↑Maze performance, ↑cognitive performance | Joseph et al. [83] | | ↑MnSOD, ↑PPAR-α, ↓phosphorylated JnK and tau | Chang et al. [91] |
| | Prostate | | | | Blueberry | ↓Cancer cell growth | Schmidt et al. [58] | | ↓MMP, ↑TIMP | Matchett et al. [92, 93] | | Pterostilbene | ↓Cell viability | Remsberg et al. [12] | ↑Apoptosis, ↑caspase 3, ↑GPx, ↑GR, ↑Bax, ↑p53, ↓Bcl-2, ↓Akt
↓MMP, ↑GSH | Chakraborty et al. [21] | | ↑Apoptosis, ↑p53, ↑p21, G1 phase arrest | Lin et al. [94] | | ↑Apoptosis, G1/S phase arrest, ↑CDNK1A and CDNK1B, ↓PSA | Wang et al. [95] |
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