Review Article
Cadmium and Its Neurotoxic Effects
Table 2
Literature review of Cd neurotoxicity in humans and rats.
| Year | Study design | Age group | E/C () | Exposure to Cd | Expose pathways | Effects | Reference |
| 1961 | Cross-sectional | Male worker | 106E/84C | — | Occupational exposure | Anosmia | [63] |
| 1977 | Cross- sectional | Children | 31E/22C | CdH | Daily life | Neurological disorders, such as learning disabilities and hyperactivity | [11] |
| 1981 | Cross-sectional | Children | 73E/44C | CdH | Daily life | Dyslexic, learning disorder | [15] |
| 1981 | Cross-sectional | Workers | 49E | CdU | Occupational exposure | Polyneuropathy | [64] |
| 1982 | Cross-sectional | Children | 149 | CdH | Daily life | Effect on verbal I.Q. | [16] |
| 1985 | Case-control | Young men | 40 | CdH | Daily life | Behavioural difficulty | [65] |
| 1985 | Cross-sectional | Children | 69 | CdH | Daily life | Nonadaptive classroom behavior, affected behavioral development visuomotor skills ↓ | [18] |
| 1989 | Cross-sectional | Male workers | 31E | CdU | Occupational exposure | ↓ Attention, memory, and psychomotor speed | [66] |
| 1992 | Cross-sectional | Worker | 38E | CdU | Occupational exposure | 90% Headache; 42% dizzy spells 21% weakness; 16% brain atrophy | [67] |
| 1992 | Cross-sectional | Worker | 55E/16C | CdU | Occupational exposure | Hyposmia | [68] |
| 1997 | Case report | Old man | 1 | Multiple organ failure | Occupational exposure, acute | Parkinsonism | [50] |
| 1999 | Cross-sectional | Worker | 13E/19C | CdU | Occupational exposure | Polyneuropathy | [37] |
| 2000 | Cross-sectional | Adult worker | 42E/47C | CdU | Occupational exposure | ↓ Motor speed, attention, memory ↑ equilibrium, PNP, and concentration complaints | [69] |
| 2006 | Case report | Adult workers | 1 | CdU | Inhale the fumes | Peripheral neuropathy | [70] |
| 2009 | Cross-sectional | Children | 549 | CdH | Daily life | Withdrawal, social problems and attention problems associated | [71] |
| 2012 | Wistar rats | Male | 20E/20C | Intratracheal instillation | Experiment exposure | Dose- and time-dependent shift from slower to faster waves | [72] |
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E: exposed subjects, C: control subjects; CdU: urinary cadmium concentration; CdH: concentration of cadmium in hair; I.Q.: Intelligence Quotient.
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