Link between Cancer and Alzheimer Disease via Oxidative Stress Induced by Nitric Oxide-Dependent Mitochondrial DNA Overproliferation and Deletion

Table 1

Marker	Role	Association with Alzheimer disease
Cyclin A	S to G2/M	[95, 96]
Cyclin B	G2/M	[97–99]
Cyclin C	No known role
Cyclin D (D1, D3)	G0/G1/lateG1/S	[98–101]
Cyclin E	G1 to G1/S	[97, 102]
p34cdc2/cdk 1	Late G2/M	[95, 96, 103, 104]
Cdk4/Cdk6	G1/G1/S	[105–108]
Cdk5/p25/p35	G2 D1, D3 G1 Cyclins	[109–114]
Nclk cdc2-like kinase	Cyclin A kinase	[109, 115, 116]
Cdk7/MPM2	CDK activated kinase	[101, 117]
Cdc42/rac	GTPase/cell division
p21ras	G protein/MAPK	[118, 119]
MRG 15	M phase regulator	[120]
Ki-67	LateG1,S,G2,M	[97, 120]
p105/pRb	G2/M TF	[105, 120]
PCNA	non cell-cycle specific	[99]
p107/pRb	Cdk2/4/6, check pt	[77, 105] (negative association)
c-myc	S to G2 checkpoint	[77] (negative association)
p53/MDM2	Repressor complex	[118, 120, 121]
ATM	Check-point	[77]
Raf/Raf-1	Check point kinase	[117]
p16INK4a p18p15p19	CyclinD/cdk4/6; inhibitors of M phase	[101, 122]
p27/Kip1	Cyclin D and E/cdk7 inhibitor	[77] (negative association), [101]
WAF-1/p21/Cip1	Multi-Cyclin/cdk-inhibitor (G1 and S)	[118]
Plk1/cdc5; Polo-like kinase	G2/M M check point	[123]
PP2A or PP2B	Phosphatase (Cdk5, cdc2)	[124–126]
PP-1		[112, 124]
Cdc25 Cdc25A	Phosphatase G2/M	[127, 128]
PKC/Wnt path	Translation control	[129–132]
PKA	Kinase	[133, 134]
PKN	Kinase	[135]
PI3K	Kinase	[136, 137]
AKT/PKB/RAC	Kinase	[135, 138, 139]
TGFBeta/TAK	Kinase	[140, 141]
p44/p42 MAPK (ERK1/2)	MAP kinase	[95, 142–146]
CamK	Kinase Ca/calmodulin regulated	[147]
p38 MAPK	Kinase	[146, 148, 149]
JNK/(SAPK-2/3)-alpha gamma	Kinase (stress activated)	[146, 150]
MEK	MAPK kinase	[122, 151]
GSK-3 and; beta Catenin	Proline-dependent protein kinase (PDPK)	[111, 112, 131, 138, 152–157]
P120/E-cadherin	Adhesion complex	[158]
c-fos	TF/regulator	[159]
14-3-3/14-3-3zeta	Adaptor protein	[160, 161]
c-jun/p38, AP-1	TF component	[159, 162, 163]
Fyn	Transcription factor	[164, 165]
p53	TF/DNA damage	[97, 166]
Rho	G-protein	[135]
Rap Rab	G-protein	[117]
Sos-1	Guanine nucleotide exchange factor	[167]
Grb-2	Adaptor	[167]

Modified and reprinted with permission of CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets [92]