|
| Diseases | OS/MDF hallmarks | References |
|
| A. neurologic diseases | | |
| Alzheimer’s Disease | Aberrations in OXPHOS and Krebs cycle; altered mt-associated endoplasmic | [134–141] |
| reticulum membranes as related to amyloid precursor protein; dysregulated Fe |
| metabolism; HNE- induced oxidation of lipoic acid; ↓ lipoamide dehydrogenase in |
| brain of AD patients and of AD mice; ↓ Complexes III and IV; mitochondrial mass |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | protein misfolding at endoplasmic reticulum (ER); altered Golgi network; oxidative | [142–146] |
| damage to ER proteins; ↓ WBC glutathione peroxidase; ↓ SOD-1 related to disease |
| progression; ↓ NADPH oxidase; ↓ complex I and ATP/ADP ratio; abnormal mt ultrastructure |
| Epilepsy | ↑ NOS II with NO-, and ONOO− dependent ↓ complex I activity; ↑ complex | [147–150] |
| III-dependent production of brain mitochondria; ↓ lipoic acid synthetase |
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/
/chronic fatigue syndrome | ↑ urinary 8-OHdG; ↑ TBARS; ↓ Vit C; ↓ HSP70; ↑ plasma peroxides and oxidized | [151–156] |
| LDL; ↓ CoQ10; ↑ ATP production; ↑ complex I, III and IV |
| Multiple sclerosis | ↑ lipid hydroperoxide, carbonyl protein, and NO metabolites; ↓ total radical-trapping | [157–160] |
| antioxidant parameter; Melatonin-induced ↑ SOD and ↑ GPx, and ↓ MDA; ↓ OXPHOS |
| activity; mtDNA deletions |
| Parkinson’s disease | ↑ lipid peroxides; ↑ urinary 8-OHdG; ↑ plasma F(2)-IsoPs, HETEs, 7beta-and | [6, 161–165] |
| 27-hydroxycholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol, F(4)-NPs; dysregulated Fe metabolism |
| ↓ CoQ10, and ↓ complex V; ↑↓ cysteine oxidation within complex I; ↑ lactate |
|
| B. psychiatric diseases | | |
| Autistic spectrum disorders | ↓ GSH/GSSG in WBC; ↑ 4-hydroxynonenal in plasma and RBC membranes; | [166–172] |
| ↑ 3-nitrotyrosine and 8-OHdG; downregulated OXPHOS (↓ complex I, III, IV and |
| V); ↓ aconitase; ↑ mtDNA deletions, GC→AT transitions, and GC→TA transitions |
| Bipolar disorder | ↓ attachment of hexokinase 1 to outer mt membrane; | [173–175] |
| ↓ GSH/GSSG; ↓ CAT expression; |
| Major depression | altered IL-6, IL-10, and IL-6/IL-10 ratio versus F2-isoprostanes; ↑ protein | [176–179] |
| carbonylation and glutathione reductase expression; ↑ SOD, CAT and PER |
| ↑ PMNs apoptosis (cytochrome c release); ↓ complex I subunits |
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder | ↑ MDA/TBARS; ↑ SOD; ↓ GSH/GSSG; prevailing CC (Ala/Ala) SOD-2 genotype | [180–182] |
| Schizophrenia | ↑ lipid peroxidation, damage to proteins, and DNA; ↓ antioxidant levels (CoQ10, | [183–187] |
| Vit E, GSH and melatonin); autoimmune responses; ↑ TBARS, IL-6 and PCC levels; |
| ↓ TRX levels; ↓ plasma total antioxidant status |
|
