|
| Diseases | OS/MDF hallmarks | References |
|
| Antiphospholipid Syndrome | Serum amyloid A, C-reactive protein, and 8-isoprostane and prostaglandin E2 | [249, 250] |
| ↑ peroxide production, nuclear abundance of Nrf2, antioxidant enzymatic activity; |
| ↓ intracellular GSH; altered ; beneficial effects of CoQ10 supplementation |
|
| Pemphigus Vulgaris | ↑ MDA; ↓ antioxidants (Vit. A and E); ↓↑ CAT and ↓ GSH-Px; autoantibodies | [251–254] |
| against desmosomal, mitochondrial, and other keratinocyte self-antigens |
|
| Primary Biliary Cirrhosis | ↓ Antioxidant vitamins (A, C and E); ↓ GST, ↑ HOCl associated with eosinophil | [255–258] |
| peroxidase; ↑ IgG against LOOH; serum and saliva antimitochondrial autoantibodies |
| against E2 subunits of 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase enzymes (pyruvate dehydrogenase, |
| 2-oxo-acid dehydrogenase, and 2-oxo-glutarate dehydrogenase) |
|
| Psoriasis | ↑ MDA, 8-OHdG, LOOH and NOx; ↓ CAT, SOD, GSH-Px, GSH and total | [259–263] |
| antioxidant status; release of mitochondrial cytochrome c; ↑ CYP4F8 mRNA |
|
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | ↑ LOOH; ↑ MPO, ↑ • and •OH in neutrophils from peripheral blood and | [264–269] |
| synovial infiltrate; ↓ CAT, SOD, GSH-Px, GSH; TNF--associated ER stress; |
| ↑ AGE-IgG; chemokine (MCP-1/CCL2, RANTES/CCL5)-associated ROS; |
| mtDNA mutations positively correlated with macroscopic synovitis |
|
| Sjøgren’s Syndrome | ↑ protein carbonyl and AGEs; ↑ 4-HNE; ↑ TNF-, MPO and nitrotyrosine; | [270–274] |
| ↑ 8-OHdG and hexanoyl-lysine; ↑ Trx; ↑ LDH and mitochondrial GOT; |
| antimitochondrial autoantibodies in patients’ saliva |
|
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | ↓ CAT, SOD, GSH-Px, GSH; ↑ chemokine-associated ROS; | [264, 275, 276] |
| ↓ ATP; ↑ ; persistent mt hyperpolarization |
| abnormal expression of mt pyruvate dehydrogenase complex |
|
| Systemic Sclerosis | ↑ MDA, dityrosines and carbonyls; ↓ uric acid and total antioxidants status in | [277–280] |
| saliva; ↓ GSH; ↓ SOD; ↑ GPx; plasma antimitochondrial autoantibodies |
|
| Vitiligo | ↑ 4-HNE; ↓ cardiolipin; ↓ GSH; ↓ MPO; ↓ GST and CAT; ↑ GSTM1 null and | [281–283] |
| GSTT1/GSTM1 double-null type; altered OXPHOS lipid-dependent subunits |
|
