Thioredoxin System Regulation in the Central Nervous System: Experimental Models and Clinical Evidence

Table 1

TS expression in different species and brain regions.

Species	Protein	Findings (localization/expression)	Detection method	Reference
Calf	Trx	↑ Kidney, liver, brain, thymus	Radio immunoassay, rabbit antiserum, calf liver Trx and ^125I-labeled Trx	[10]
Rat sciatic nerve	Trx	↑ Cytoplasm of Schwann cells; Nodes of Ranvier	Immunofluorescence with specific rabbit antisera.	[21]
	TrxR	↓ Axoplasm of myelinated axons
Gerbil brain	ADF/Trx	↓ Ependyma, tanycytes; Endotheliall cells; Neuronal cell bodies	Immunochemisty anti-human ADF antibody	[22]
Rat brain	Trx	↑ Paraventricular hypothalamic; Nucleus Locus coeruleus; Nucleus of the solitary tract	In situ hybridization; Human Trx mRNA	[25]
		↓ Frontoparietal cortex; Caudate/putamen; Magnocellular preoptic nucleus
Human brain	ADF/Trx	White matter astrocytes; Schwann cells of posterior root	Immunochemistry	[23]
		White matter astrocytes	In situ hybridization and semiquantitative mRNA
Mouse	Trx1	Nucleus of granular cells in hippocampus; Golgi cells of substantia nigra; Purkinje cells; Motor neurons of the spinal cord	Anti-mouse Trx1	[24]
	Trx2	Golgi cells of Substantia nigra; Axonal staining in cerebral cortex; Axons in striatum; Axonal staining in cortex; Axon-bundles in striatum; Golgi cells of substantia nigra	Anti-human Trx2
	TR1	Faint staining in hippocampus pyramidal cells	Anti-rat TrxR1
	TR2	Golgi cells of substantia nigra; Strong staining in Purkinje cells; Molecullar layer in cerebellum	Anti-rabbit TrxR2; (Santa Cruz Bio. sc-67127)
Rat brain	Trx1	↑ Cerebellum; Cortex; Substantia nigra; Retinal; Spinal cord; ↓ Striatum hippocampus	Anti-mouse Trx1	[26]
	Trx2	↑ Striatum; Substantia nigra; ↓ Cerebellum; Hippocampus; Cortex,; Retinal; Spinal cord	Anti-human Trx2
	TR1	↑ Cerebellum; Hippocampus; Striatum; ↓ Cortex; Substantia nigra; Spinal cord; Retina	Anti-rat TrxR1
	TR2	↑ Cerebellum; ↓ Striatum	Anti-rabbit TrxR2; (Santa Cruz Bio. Sc-67127)

↑: high protein content; ↓: low protein content. The origin of the antibodies employed is mentioned when provided in the reference cited.