Review Article
Thioredoxin System Regulation in the Central Nervous System: Experimental Models and Clinical Evidence
Table 2
TS and CNS disorders.
| Disorder | Cell type studied | TS expression | Reference |
| AD | AD human brain | ↑ ADF/Trx (p, mRNA) astrocytes in white matter | [23] | ↓ Trx1 (p) amygdala, hippocampus, and frontal cortex | [38, 111] | ↓ Trx80 (p) neurons of hippocampus and cortex ↓ Trx80 (p) in CSF | [29] | AMCI human brain | ↑ TR (a) hippocampus and cerebellum | [112] | SH-SY5Y cells exposed to Aβ | ↑ Trx1 oxidized | [111] |
| PD | PC12 cells exposed to MPP+ | ↓ Trx1 ↓ Trx2 ↑ Oxidized Trx1 Trx1-SS ↑ Oxidized Trx2-SS | [132] | SK-DAT cells exposed to paraquat | Oxidizes Trx1 | [131] | SK-DAT cells exposed to rotenone and MPP+ | Oxidizes Trx2 | SH-SY5Y cells exposed to paraquat | Oxidizes Trx2 | [133] | SH-SY5Y cells exposed to Maneb | ↑ TR1 (mRNA) |
| HD | HD patients | ↓ Trx plasma and erythrocytes ↓ TR plasma and erythrocytes | [142] |
| Schizophrenia | First episode psychosis Long-term schizophrenic | ↑ Trx serum or plasma levels ↑ Trx serum or plasma levels | [144–146] |
| ALS | Spinal cord of ALS | ↑ Trx (mRNA) | [148] |
| FALS | FALS erythrocytes stable form of mutant SOD-1 | ↑ Trx (p) | [147] |
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(p): protein expression; (a): activity; ↑: upregulation; ↓: downregulation.
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