Piperlongumine Inhibits Migration of Glioblastoma Cells via Activation of ROS-Dependent p38 and JNK Signaling Pathways
Figure 3
PL suppresses migration of LN229 cells via ROS accumulation. (a) PL increased ROS levels in LN229 cells but not in astrocytes after scratch. LN229 cells or cultured astrocytes were scratched and then treated with 0, 10, or 20 μM PL for 3 h and then stained with DCFH-DA. NAC (3 mM) was administrated 2 h before cell scratch. Representative micrographs showed that the fluorescent intensity of DCFH-DA was enhanced after PL treatment. The red lines indicated the initial edges of scratches. Bar: 20 μm. (b) PL reduced GSH in LN229 cells after scratch. LN229 cells were scratched and then treated with 0, 10, or 20 μM PL for 3 h and the cellular GSH level was measured. Normal, unscratched cultures without PL treatment. compared to group of 0 μM of PL; compared to group of 20 μM of PL. (c) Effects of PL and NAC on LN229 cell migration after cell scratch. The red lines indicated the initial edges of scratches. Bar: 50 μm. compared to group of DMSO; compared to group of 10 μM of PL.
