|
| Air pollutant | Increased oxidative stress markers | Study | Antioxidants exerting a protective effect | Study |
|
| Oxygen (O2) | Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide generation | Floyd (1995) [8] | Catalases, glutathione peroxidases, and peroxiredoxins |
Nordberg and Arnér (2001) [9] |
| Hydroxyl radical (OH∙) | Forman and Boveris (1982) [10]
Keyer and Imlay (1996) [11]
Hutchinson (1985) [12]
Ames (1983) [13] | | |
| Oxidative DNA lesions | Friedberg et al. (1995) [14]
Speakman et al. (2003) [15]
Shackelford et al. (1999) [16] | | |
|
| Ozone (O3) | Antioxidant depletion | Mudway et al. (1996) [17]
Pryor (1992) [18]
Cross et al. (2002) [3] | Vitamins C and E and beta-carotene | Grievink et al. (1999; 1997) [19, 20]
Samet et al. (2001) [21]
Menzel (1994) [22]
Romieu et al. (2002) [23]
Romieu et al. (1998) [24] |
| Protein oxidation | Kelly and Mudway (2003) [5] | | Grievink et al. (2000) [25] |
| Membrane oxidation | Ballinger et al. (2005) [26] | | |
| Inflammation | Menzel (1994) [22] | | |
|
| Sulphur dioxide (SO2) | TBARS | Meng et al. (2003) [27]
Meng and Bai (2004) [28] | Vitamin E | Ergonul et al. (2007) [29]
Etlik et al. (1997) [30] |
| | Zhao et al. (2009) [31] | Vitamin C | |
| Depletion of endogenous antioxidants | Etlik et al. (1997, 1995) [30, 32]
Zhao et al. (2008) [33] | Salicylic acid and vitamin C | Zhao et al. (2009) [31] |
| Malondialdehyde | Wu and Meng (2003) [34] | GSH | Langley-Evans et al. (1996) [35] |
| Change in the glutathione redox system | | Sea buckthorn seed oil | Wu and Meng (2003) [34] |
|
| Cigarette smoke | Decreased antioxidant capacity | Midgette et al. (1993) [36]
Banerjee et al. (1998) [37]
Bloomer (2007) [38]
Aycicek et al. (2005) [39]
Tsuchiya et al. (2002) [40]
Zhou et al. (2000) [41] | Vitamin C | Banerjee et al. (2008) [42]
Mayne and Cartmel (1999) [43] |
| | | Cruciferous vegetables and green tea ((−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and caffeine) | Chung et al. (1993) [44]
Xu et al. (1992) [45] |
| Lipid peroxidation | Banerjee et al. (1998) [37]
Jha et al. (2007) [46] | Black tea |
Chung (1999) [47] |
| Oxidation of purines | Jha et al. (2007) [46] | | |
| 8-OH-dGuo | Xu et al. (1992) [45] | | |
| Decreased antioxidant vitamin activities | Zhou et al. (1997) [48]
Dietrich et al. (2003) [49]
Chávez et al. (2007) [50]
Bloomer (2007) [38] | Tomato-based juice, vitamin E, and beta-carotene |
Mayne and Cartmel (1999) [43] |
| Protein damage and inflammation | Banerjee et al. (2008) [42] | | |
| Malondialdehyde (MDA) | Chávez et al. (2007) [50]
Polidori et al. (2003) [51] | | |
|
| Nitrogen oxides () | Aldehydes, hydrogen peroxide, and reactive oxygen intermediates |
Pryor and Church (1991) [52]
Last et al. (1994) [53]
Kienast et al. (1994) [54] | Vitamin E | Guth and Mavis (1986) [55]
Sevanian et al. (1982) [56] |
| Depletion of antioxidants | Kelly and Tetley (1997) [57]
Kelly et al. (1996) [58] | Vitamin C | Rietjens et al. (1986) [59]
Mohsenin (1987) [60] |
| Lipid peroxidation | Sevanian et al. (1982) [56]
Khopde et al. (1998) [61] | Lycopene | Böhm et al. (2001) [62] |
|
| Particulate matter (PM) | Direct generation of ROS | González-Flecha (2004) [63] | N-acetylcysteine and deferoxamine | Pinho et al. (2005) [64] |
| Proinflammatory mediators released from PM-stimulated macrophages | González-Flecha (2004) [63] | | |
| Oxidative DNA damage | González-Flecha (2004) [63]
Aganasur et al. (2001) [65] | | |
| Inhibitory effects on oxidative stress-related enzymes | Hatzis et al. (2006) [66] | | |
| Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, protein carbonyls | Possamai et al. (2010) [67] | vitamins C and E | Possamai et al. (2010) [67] |
|
| Asbestos | ROS formation (oxygen free radicals) | Kamp et al. (1992) [68]
Walker et al. (1992) [69] | Green tea extract | Luo et al. (1995) [70] |
| Hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, and superoxide anion | Lewczuk and Owczarek (1992) [71] | SOD | Fattman et al. (2006) [72] |
| Activation of phagocytic cells | Kamp et al. (1992) [68]
Hei et al. (2006) [73]
Walker et al. (1992) [69] | | |
| Increased 8-isoprostane | Pelclová et al. (2008) [74] | | |
| 8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine | Marczynski et al. (2000) [75] | | |
|
