Sleep Deprivation and Oxidative Stress in Animal Models: A Systematic Review

Table 2

Total sleep deprivation protocols.

Sleep deprivation method	Description	Controls	Advantages	Disadvantages
Handling	Rats were kept awake by gently touching their tails or whiskers, brushing their fur, shaking their cages, introducing objects unto their chambers, or disturbing their chamber bedding to prevent them from falling asleep	Home caged controls. EEG and EMG may be used to detect microsleep monitoring. May use handling or home caged controls	Achieves total sleep deprivation with a low stressful environment in an acute mode.	Isolation and immobilization stress as a confounder. Lack of EEG monitoring may allow microsleep and therefore have bias on the deprivation
Disc over water (DOW)	The apparatus is comprised of two rectangular clear plastic chambers placed side by side. A single plastic disc (40 cm diameter) serving as the rat carrier platform was built into the lower quarter of the two chambers. Beneath the disc, extending to the chamber walls was a rectangular tray filled with water to a depth of 5 cm. An electric motor was set to run the rats carrying disc at a speed of 3.3 rpm whenever sleep was detected by the EEG recorder on the experimental subject; control may sleep while deprived subject is spontaneously awakened. If not using EEG monitoring, motor may be set to run at a continuous mode	Home caged controls and yoked controls	May be used to cause acute and/or chronic sleep deprivation. Depending EEG programming may be used to deprive both PSD and TSD. Eliminates immobilization as a stress confounder. Low stressful environment	Isolation stress may appear as a confounder. Lack of EEG monitoring may induce stress caused by nonstop physical activity

Disc over water: DOW, electroencephalogram: EEG, electromyogram: EMG, paradoxical sleep deprivation: PSD, and total sleep deprivation: TSD.