Protocatechuic Acid Prevents oxLDL-Induced Apoptosis by Activating JNK/Nrf2 Survival Signals in Macrophages

Figure 2

Protocatechuic acid inhibited OxLDL-induced apoptosis and the onset of oxidative stress in macrophage cells. Time-course experiments. (a) Percentage of apoptotic annexin-V positive cells, (b) intracellular ROS production, and (c) intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) content in J774A.1 cells. Values are the mean ± S.E.M. of four independent experiments. Values obtained in control cells (CTR), oxLDL-treated cells (oxLDL), and oxLDL-treated cells preincubated with 25 μM PCA (PCA + oxLDL) were compared. versus controls; versus controls. versus oxLDL-treated cells and versus controls, for each time point.

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