Treatment of β-Thalassemia/Hemoglobin E with Antioxidant Cocktails Results in Decreased Oxidative Stress, Increased Hemoglobin Concentration, and Improvement of the Hypercoagulable State

Table 2

Hematological, iron load, oxidative stress, and antioxidant parameters and markers of hemolysis, in responders.

Parameters	Curcuminoids cocktail ()				Vitamin E cocktail ()
	Baseline	Month 6	Month 12	Month 15	Baseline	Month 6	Month 12	Month 15
Hematological parameters
Hemoglobin (g/L)	61.9 ± 2.3	67.8 ± 2.8^a	66.9 ± 2.5^a	63.9 ± 3.8	65.9 ± 3.4	69.6 ± 3.2	71.7 ± 3.5^a	68.1 ± 3.0
RBC count (×10^12 cells/L)	3.40 ± 0.16	3.51 ± 0.15	3.52 ± 0.18	3.26 ± 0.18	3.63 ± 0.22	3.66 ± 0.19	3.75 ± 0.1	3.71 ± 0.22
Reticulocyte count; (proportion of 1)	0.06 ± 0.01	0.03 ± 0.01^a	0.04 ± 0.01	0.06 ± 0.01	0.05 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.01	0.07 ± 0.02
Iron load parameters
Serum ferritin (pmol/L)	3651 ± 855	1921 ± 426^a	2018 ± 434^a	2415 ± 598	4767 ± 773	2339 ± 532^b	2065 ± 655^b	2765 ± 622^a
Serum NTBI (mol/L)	5.3 ± 0.6	2.1 ± 0.2^b	2.0 ± 0.5^b	4.8 ± 1.0	4.9 ± 0.6	1.8 ± 0.3^b	1.8 ± 0.3^b	5.2 ± 0.7
Oxidative stress parameters
ROS (%MCF)	51.1 ± 8.8	29.7 ± 3.3^a	31.6 ± 6.8^a	33.4 ± 4.8^a	53.0 ± 7.0	28.6 ± 3.6^a	33.5 ± 7.4	48.8 ± 15.1
RBC MDA (nmol/g Hb)	1542 ± 165	1150 ± 107^a	934 ± 81^b	1469 ± 151	1487 ± 138	815 ± 33^b	698 ± 24^b	1175 ± 79
Antioxidant parameters
RBC SOD (U/g Hb)	5395 ± 278	4318 ± 179^b	4727 ± 259	5094 ± 334	5051 ± 188	4245 ± 196^b	4075 ± 219^b	5097 ± 293
RBC GPx (U/g Hb)	63.7 ± 3.2	48.9 ± 1.9^b	36.6 ± 1.4^b	51.6 ± 2.8^b	62.6 ± 2.6	48.9 ± 2.5^b	36.6 ± 1.7^b	47.3 ± 2.1^b
RBC GSH (mmol/L)	1.74 ± 0.05	2.12 ± 0.06^a	1.79 ± 0.14	1.76 ± 0.06	1.81 ± 0.04	2.10 ± 0.05^b	2.04 ± 0.05^a	1.82 ± 0.05
Markers of hemolysis
AST (U/L)	43.3 ± 5.3	34.7 ± 3.8	35.5 ± 4.6	36.7 ± 4.0	46.7 ± 5.6	29.3 ± 1.9^b	26.9 ± 2.6^b	30.1 ± 3.0^a
Total bilirubin (mol/L)	79.4 ± 10.2	58.0 ± 7.7^a	62.2 ± 10.2	65.7 ± 6.8	71.6 ± 8.7	57.7 ± 6.3	60.0 ± 7.6	66.2 ± 8.2
Indirect bilirubin (mol/L)	69.3 ± 9.2	45.9 ± 7.2^a	29.4 ± 0.6	50.3 ± 9.6	60.8 ± 8.4	45.4 ± 6.0	49.1 ± 7.4	54.9 ± 8.0

The values represent mean ± standard error of the mean.
AST: aspartate transaminase; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GSH: reduced glutathione; MDA: malondialdehyde; NTBI: non-transferrin-bound iron; RBC: red blood cells; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SOD: superoxide dismutase.
compared with baseline, compared with baseline.