Treatment of β-Thalassemia/Hemoglobin E with Antioxidant Cocktails Results in Decreased Oxidative Stress, Increased Hemoglobin Concentration, and Improvement of the Hypercoagulable State
Table 2
Hematological, iron load, oxidative stress, and antioxidant parameters and markers of hemolysis, in responders.
Parameters
Curcuminoids cocktail ()
Vitamin E cocktail ()
Baseline
Month 6
Month 12
Month 15
Baseline
Month 6
Month 12
Month 15
Hematological parameters
Hemoglobin (g/L)
61.9 ± 2.3
67.8 ± 2.8a
66.9 ± 2.5a
63.9 ± 3.8
65.9 ± 3.4
69.6 ± 3.2
71.7 ± 3.5a
68.1 ± 3.0
RBC count (×1012 cells/L)
3.40 ± 0.16
3.51 ± 0.15
3.52 ± 0.18
3.26 ± 0.18
3.63 ± 0.22
3.66 ± 0.19
3.75 ± 0.1
3.71 ± 0.22
Reticulocyte count (proportion of 1)
0.06 ± 0.01
0.03 ± 0.01a
0.04 ± 0.01
0.06 ± 0.01
0.05 ± 0.01
0.04 ± 0.01
0.04 ± 0.01
0.07 ± 0.02
Iron load parameters
Serum ferritin (pmol/L)
3651 ± 855
1921 ± 426a
2018 ± 434a
2415 ± 598
4767 ± 773
2339 ± 532b
2065 ± 655b
2765 ± 622a
Serum NTBI (mol/L)
5.3 ± 0.6
2.1 ± 0.2b
2.0 ± 0.5b
4.8 ± 1.0
4.9 ± 0.6
1.8 ± 0.3b
1.8 ± 0.3b
5.2 ± 0.7
Oxidative stress parameters
ROS (%MCF)
51.1 ± 8.8
29.7 ± 3.3a
31.6 ± 6.8a
33.4 ± 4.8a
53.0 ± 7.0
28.6 ± 3.6a
33.5 ± 7.4
48.8 ± 15.1
RBC MDA (nmol/g Hb)
1542 ± 165
1150 ± 107a
934 ± 81b
1469 ± 151
1487 ± 138
815 ± 33b
698 ± 24b
1175 ± 79
Antioxidant parameters
RBC SOD (U/g Hb)
5395 ± 278
4318 ± 179b
4727 ± 259
5094 ± 334
5051 ± 188
4245 ± 196b
4075 ± 219b
5097 ± 293
RBC GPx (U/g Hb)
63.7 ± 3.2
48.9 ± 1.9b
36.6 ± 1.4b
51.6 ± 2.8b
62.6 ± 2.6
48.9 ± 2.5b
36.6 ± 1.7b
47.3 ± 2.1b
RBC GSH (mmol/L)
1.74 ± 0.05
2.12 ± 0.06a
1.79 ± 0.14
1.76 ± 0.06
1.81 ± 0.04
2.10 ± 0.05b
2.04 ± 0.05a
1.82 ± 0.05
Markers of hemolysis
AST (U/L)
43.3 ± 5.3
34.7 ± 3.8
35.5 ± 4.6
36.7 ± 4.0
46.7 ± 5.6
29.3 ± 1.9b
26.9 ± 2.6b
30.1 ± 3.0a
Total bilirubin (mol/L)
79.4 ± 10.2
58.0 ± 7.7a
62.2 ± 10.2
65.7 ± 6.8
71.6 ± 8.7
57.7 ± 6.3
60.0 ± 7.6
66.2 ± 8.2
Indirect bilirubin (mol/L)
69.3 ± 9.2
45.9 ± 7.2a
29.4 ± 0.6
50.3 ± 9.6
60.8 ± 8.4
45.4 ± 6.0
49.1 ± 7.4
54.9 ± 8.0
The values represent mean ± standard error of the mean. AST: aspartate transaminase; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GSH: reduced glutathione; MDA: malondialdehyde; NTBI: non-transferrin-bound iron; RBC: red blood cells; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SOD: superoxide dismutase. compared with baseline, compared with baseline.