Brewers’ Rice: A By-Product from Rice Processing Provides Natural Hepatorenal Protection in Azoxymethane-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rats

Table 2

Serum ALT, ALP, AST, creatinine, and urea in AOM-induced liver and kidney toxicity after twenty-week treatment with brewers’ rice.

	ALT (U/L)	ALP (U/L)	AST (U/L)	Creatinine (umol/L)	Urea (mmol/L)
Normal	45.10 ± 6.59^a	87.00 ± 22.17^a	141.60 ± 23.23^a	73.00 ± 14.02^a	6.80 ± 1.69^a
AOM only	68.80 ± 10.07^b	164.00 ± 52.57^b	201.90 ± 75.56^a	85.00 ± 10.64^a	7.00 ± 0.48^a
AOM + 10% (w/w) of brewers’ rice	62.60 ± 9.04^b	109.00 ± 31.13^ab	159.20 ± 20.89^a	78.00 ± 11.76^a	6.70 ± 1.19^a
AOM + 20% (w/w) of brewers’ rice	56.30 ± 10.69^ab	134.00 ± 55.86^ab	187.10 ± 34.70^a	78.00 ± 10.16^a	7.80 ± 1.62^a
AOM + 40% (w/w) of brewers’ rice	55.80 ± 11.02^ab	94.00 ± 20.77^a	179.70 ± 44.99^a	76.00 ± 6.87^a	6.70 ± 0.97^a

ALT: alanine transaminase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; AST: aspartate transaminase.
Values are expressed as mean ± SD (). Values in the same column with different superscript letter indicate significant difference by Tukey’s test ().