Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Oxidative Stress, and Cardiovascular Disease: Evidence from Human Studies

Table 1

Overview of selected biomarker studies of oxidative stress in OSA.

Biomarker investigated	Author/year [reference number]	OSA/ = comorbidities yes/no	Controls/ = comorbidities yes/no	Change of biomarker	Effects of CPAP
PMN oxidative burst	Schulz et al./2000 [41]	18/yes	10/yes and 10/no	↑	↓
PMN oxidative burst	Dyugovskaya et al./2002 [42]	18/yes	31/yes	↑	↓
PMN p22phox mRNA	Liu et al./2009 [43]	107/yes	69/yes	↑	n.a.
Serum NOX2	Del Ben et al./2012 [44]	91/yes	47/yes	↔	↓
Nitrite and nitrate	Schulz et al./2000 [52]	21/yes	18/yes and 13/no	↓	↑
Nitrite and nitrate	Ip et al./2000 [53]	30/yes	40/no	↓	↑
Nitrite and nitrate	Alonso-Fernández et al./2009 [54]	31/no	15/no	↓	↑
ADMA	Barceló et al./2009 [56]	23/yes and 18/no	13/no	↑	n.a.
Arginase	Yüksel et al./2014 [57]	41/yes and 10/no	15/no	↑	n.a.
TBARS	Barceló et al./2000 [58]	14/yes	13/no	↑	↓
TBARS	Lavie et al./2004 [59]	59/yes and 55/no	30/yes	↑	↓
Exhaled 8-isoprostane	Carpagnano et al./2003 [60]	18/no	12/no	↑	↓
Urinary 8-OHdG	Yamauchi et al./2005 [64]	128/yes	n.a.	↑	n.a.
Vitamins A and E	Barceló et al./2006 [68]	47/yes	37/no	↓	↔
SOD	Wysocka et al./2008 [70]	41/no	39/no	↓	n.a.
Paraoxonase-1	Lavie et al./2004 [59]	59/yes and 55/no	30/yes	↓	n.a.

↑: increase, ↓: decrease, and ↔: no change.
Patients with severe versus mild-to-moderate OSA.
ADMA: asymmetric dimethylarginine.
n.a. = not available.
NOX: NADPH oxidase.
8-OHdG: 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine.
PMN: polymorphonuclear neutrophils.
SOD: superoxide dismutase.
TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances.