Cell Adhesion and Long-Term Survival of Transplanted Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Prerequisite for Cell Therapy

Table 1

Potential strategies for enhancing MSC survival and adhesion.

Types	Related factors	Function	Reference
Ex vivo genetic modification
Antiapoptosis	TLR4	Improved survival of TLR4 knockout murine MSCs	[85, 86]
	AKT	Reduced apoptosis of rat MSCs	[87]
	Hsp-20/Hsp-27	Enhanced survival of rat MSCs	[88, 89]
	Bcl-2	Inhibited cell death of rat MSCs	[90]
	Survivin	Enhanced survival of rat MSCs	[91, 92]
	CCR1/CXCR2	Improved survival of mouse MSCs	[94]
Cell adhesion	PAI-1	Enhanced survival and adhesion of PAI-1 knockout mouse MSCs	[95]
	tTG	Enhanced cell attachment of rat MSCs	[96, 97]
	ILK	Enhanced cell survival and adhesion of rat MSCs	[98, 99]
Pretreatment	IGF-1	Elevated connexin-43 and enhanced prosurvival signals and cardiomyogenic differentiation of mouse MSCs	[69]
	SDF-1	Suppressed apoptosis, enhanced survival, proliferation, and engraftment of rat MSCs	[70]
	Hsp-70	Protected against hypoxia-induced apoptosis of rat MSCs	[71]
	PRCR	Enhanced survival, proliferation, and differentiation of rat MSCs	[77–79]
	PMA	Increased adhesion of rat MSCs	[80]
	Atorvastatin	Improved survival of swine MSCs	[82]
	Melatonin	Increased survival of rat MSCs	[83]
	MicroRNA-1	Enhanced survival and cardiomyocyte differentiation of mouse MSCs	[84]
	MicroRNA-125b	Protected against anoikis in human MSCs	[81]
Preconditioning	Hypoxia	Expressed and secreted prosurvival and proangiogenic factors from MSCs	[25, 68, 72–76]

TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4; Hsp: heat-shock protein; CCR1: chemokine (c-c motif) receptor 1; CXCR2: chemokine (c-x-c motif) receptor 2; PAI-1: plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; tTG: tissue transglutaminase; ILK: integrin-linked kinase; IGF-1: insulin growth factor-1; SDF-1: stromal cell-derived factor-1; PRCR: platelet-rich clot releasate; PMA: phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells.