Aging Increases Susceptibility to High Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in C57BL/6 Mice: Improvement in Glycemic and Lipid Profile after Antioxidant Therapy

Table 2

Systemic glycemic and liver function markers from young and old C57BL/6 mice after pharmacological intervention with tempol (50 mg⋅kg⁻¹) and apocynin (50 mg⋅kg⁻¹).

Parameters	Young mice				Old mice
	CT-Y	HF-Y	HFT-Y	HFA-Y	CT-O	HF-O	HFT-O	HFA-O
Insulin (ng⋅mL^−1)	0.66 ± 0.21	0.56 ± 0.06	0.34 ± 0.04	0.37 ± 0.02	0.44 ± 0.06	0.59 ± 0.02	0.57 ± 0.07	0.55 ± 0.04
Insulin resistance (TyG index)	8.77 ± 0.10	9.11 ± 0.29	9.29 ± 0.10	9.57 ± 0.22	8.81 ± 0.18	10.0 ± 0.13	9.43 ± 0.15	9.51 ± 0.10
HOMA index	4.80 ± 1.71	3.32 ± 0.48	3.34 ± 0.53	3.42 ± 0.45	2.86 ± 0.51	6.56 ± 0.58	5.76 ± 0.69	5.59 ± 0.63
AST (U⋅L^−1)	44.30 ± 7.27	65.14 ± 3.14	42.54 ± 6.06	59.86 ± 5.63	15.80 ± 2.87	32.69 ± 3.86	44.25 ± 3.11	42.16 ± 9.3
ALT (U⋅L^−1)	9.56 ± 1.27	24.89 ± 0.72	10.10 ± 1.17	16.64 ± 5.07	6.11 ± 0.72	17.51 ± 2.13	12.26 ± 4.06	17.92 ± 5.52
ALP (U⋅L^−1)	3195 ± 17.61	3246 ± 68.51	3212 ± 55.59	3285 ± 50.97	3114 ± 36.28	3076 ± 24.97	3232 ± 80.17	3245 ± 74.60
γ−GT (U⋅L^−1)	828.2 ± 32.80	977.8 ± 100.8	916.7 ± 31.91	1014 ± 66.68	756.7 ± 6.69	781.8 ± 16.85	891.0 ± 56.35	923.8 ± 58.82
LDH (U⋅L^−1)	535.8 ± 21.36	593.2 ± 32.11	545.4 ± 5.63	643.6 ± 54.86	528.0 ± 6.5	521.9 ± 8.89	589.2 ± 25.28	562.8 ± 21.06
Albumin (mg⋅mL^−1)	78.51 ± 0.66	78.48 ± 0.57	80.20 ± 1.05	78.59 ± 0.64	77.64 ± 0.80	77.69 ± 1.4	78.79 ± 0.9	78.69 ± 0.36
Total proteins (mg⋅mL^−1)	5.125 ± 0.64	8.373 ± 1.63	8.502 ± 1.01	6.411 ± 1.11	4.687 ± 1.17	5.855 ± 1.18	8.910 ± 2.9	10.58 ± 1.38

Y = young; O = old; CT = control group; HF = high fat diet group; HFT = high fat diet + tempol group; HFA = high fat diet + apocynin group. Values represent the mean ± SEM. ANOVA (one-way) with Bonferroni’s post hoc test: , HF versus CT; , HFT versus HF; , HFA versus HF. . TyG: insulin resistance index; HOMA index: homeostasis model assessment; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; γ-GT: gamma glutamyltransferase; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase.