Serum Oxidized LDL Levels in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Retinopathy in Mthatha Region of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

Table 6

Independent markers associated with diabetic retinopathy among diabetic patients and using multiple logistic regression analysis.

			SE	Wald	Sig.	Exp ()	95% CI for Exp ()
							Lower	Upper
Step	Age	.019	.034	.319	.572	1.020	.953	1.091
	HbA1c	.181	.116	2.460	.117	1.199	.956	1.504
	DD	.092	.055	2.783	.095	1.096	.984	1.222
	TG	.076	.322	.056	.813	1.079	.574	2.030
	HDL-C	–.728	1.095	.442	.506	.483	.056	4.131
	TAO	–1.840	1.423	1.672	.196	.159	.010	2.584
	Ox-LDL	.018	.006	7.861	.005	1.018	1.005	1.030
	TBARS	–.010	.131	.006	.936	.990	.766	1.279
	Constant	–4.055	3.006	1.820	.177	.017

Variable(s) entered on step 1: age, HbA1c, DD, TG, HDL, TAO, ox-LDL, and TBARS.
DD: duration of diabetes; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; TG: triglycerides; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TAO: total antioxidant; ox-LDL: oxidized LDL; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. .